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Oral pathology exam 1 > Bacterial infections > Flashcards

Bacterial infections Flashcards

1
Q

what is Impetigo?

A

Superficial infection of the skin caused by Streptococcus pyogens and/or Staphylococcus aureus

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2
Q

how is impetigo spread? during what times is it most common?

A

Contagious and easily spread in crowded or unsanitary living conditions

Peak occurrence during summer or early fall in hot, moist climates

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3
Q

Impetigo is Most common in what group?

A

school-aged children

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4
Q

Clinical presentation of Impetigo:

A

Superficial vesicles that quickly rupture and become covered in a thick, amber crust; pruritus common

Facial lesions often around nose and mouth

Many cases arise in areas of damaged skin

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5
Q

How is impetigo diagnosed?

A

Presumptive diagnosis based on clinical presentation

Definitive diagnosis requires isolation of causative organisms in culture of skin

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6
Q

what is found in the tonsils of someone with Tonsillolithiasis?
(tonsil stones)

A

Convoluted crypts of the tonsils are commonly filled with:

  • desquamated cells
  • foreign debris
  • bacteria
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7
Q

what is the name for the mass of cells/debris found in patients with Tonsillolithiasis?

A

Tonsillar Concretions

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8
Q

what are Tonsilloliths?

A

when tonsillar concretions CALCIFY

does not happen in all cases of tonsillolithiasis

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9
Q

Clinical presentation of Tonsillolithiasis:

A

Enlarged crypts filled with yellowish debris; varies from soft to fully calcified

Variable size

Foul smelling

Solitary or multiple

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10
Q

when taking radiographs of patients with Tonsilloliths, these stones may present as radiopacities overlying the midportion of the _____________

A

ascending ramus

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11
Q

what organism causes syphilis?

A

Caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum

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12
Q

signs of primary syphilis:

A

Relatively painless ulceration – “chancre”

Develops 3-90 days after exposure

Most affect genital region;

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13
Q

signs of secondary syphilis:

A

Develops 4-10 weeks after initial infection

Erythematous maculopapular cutaneous eruption

Painless generalized lymphadenopathy

Mucous patches & condylomata lata of oral mucosa

Split papules at angles of mouth

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14
Q

after secondary syphilis symptoms resolve, the infection may enter a _______ period

A

latent period

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15
Q

tertiary syphilis develops after how long?

A

Develops after a latency period of 1-30 years

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16
Q

what symptoms of a tertiary syphilis infection can be seen by a dentist?

A

Gumma formation

Oral involvement may produce palatal perforation

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17
Q

T/F: over half of patients with untreated secondary syphilis will develop tertiary syphilis

A

FALSE

only 30% progress to tertiary

18
Q

what diseases are caused by congenital syphilis?

A

Saddle nose deformity

Saber shins

Hutchinson’s triad

19
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of “Hutchinson’s triad”?

A

Malformed incisors (“Hutchinson’s incisors”) and molars (“mulberry molars”)

Ocular interstitial keratitis

Eighth nerve deafness

20
Q

what are the 3 ways syphilis can be diagnosed?

A

1) Screening tests, e.g., VDRL, RPR
2) Specific antibody tests, e.g., FTA
3) Dark-field microscopy for non-oral lesions

21
Q

Primary and secondary syphilis lesions show intense __________ infiltrate

A

plasmacytic

22
Q

Tertiary (gumma) syphilis is characterized by what type of inflammation?

A

granulomatous inflammation

23
Q

Spirochetes (like syphilis) can be identified using the ____________ stain

A

Warthin-Starry

24
Q

Worldwide, how many people become infected with TB each year?

A

9 million

2 million die per year

25
Q

how many people in the U.S. have a latent TB infection?

A

10-15 million

26
Q

Clinical features of TB:

A

Only 5% of infected patients progress to active disease within 2 years after exposure

Low grade fever, night sweats, fatigue

Weight loss (“consumption”)

Chronic bloody cough

LYMPH NODE SWELLING

27
Q

characteristics of Oral TB lesions:

A

Solitary chronic painless ulcer

Most common on gingiva and tongue

May be due to hematogenous or direct implantation of organisms

28
Q

How is TB diagnosed?

A

Positive skin test with PPD (only indicates exposure)

Chest radiograph

Culture (may take 4-6 weeks)

Identification of organisms in biopsy material or sputum

Molecular testing (PCR, etc.)

29
Q

what type of inflammation is characteristic of a Tuberculosis infection?

what cell type is predominant in these areas of inflammation?

A

Usually necrotizing granulomatous inflammation (“caseous necrosis”)

Multinucleated giant cells

30
Q

what antibiotic treatments are available for TB?

A

*** Isoniazid (INH), rifampin, and pyrazinamide daily for 2 months

  • Then, INH and rifampin (daily, 2x or 3x weekly) for 4 mos.

Ethambutol or streptomycin also used

31
Q

____________ is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug

A

Ethambutol

32
Q

how long after the start of antibiotics is a patient with TB considered to be non-contagious?

A

2 weeks

33
Q

what causes Actinomycosis?

A

Caused by any of several Actinomyces species that normally inhabit the mouth

34
Q

besides the oral cavity, what other locations are susceptible to Actinomycosis?

A

Abdominal (25%), pulmonary (15%) or cervicofacial (55%) areas may be affected

(most are cervicofacial/oral in location)

35
Q

_____________ Actinomycosis May follow dental extraction or untreated dental disease

A

Cervicofacial

36
Q

clinical signs of Cervicofacial Actinomycosis:

A

Diffuse swelling and erythema

Draining sinus tracts

“Sulfur granules”

37
Q

what composes the “sulfer granules” of Actinomycosis?

A

colonies of organisms in purulent exudate

38
Q

describe the histopathology of an Actinomycosis infection:

A
  • Filamentous bacteria that form colonies
  • Bacterial colonies surrounded by neutrophils
  • Adjacent tissue may show granulomatous inflammation or granulation tissue
39
Q

what is the treatment for a patient with Actinomycosis?

A

Removal of offending tooth

High-dose antibiotics, usually IV PCN for 2 weeks, then oral PCN for 2 weeks

Periapical actinomycosis usually responds to less aggressive treatment

40
Q

what is the clinical term for an existing skin lesion that becomes affected by impetigo?

A

“Impetiginized”

  • prexisting dermatitis, cuts, scratches, insect bites, etc

Oral pathology exam 1 (5 decks)

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