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Immune and Lymphatic Systems > Bacterial Infection > Flashcards

Bacterial Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first stage of a bacterial infection?

A

There is a break in the epithelial surface which allows the bacteria to enter and proliferate

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2
Q

Which two pathways can be activated to initiate bacteria cell lysis?

A

Alternative complement pathway or the mannan binding lectin pathway

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3
Q

What does complement activation lead to? (3)

A

Mast cell activation, opsonisation and chemotaxis

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4
Q

What binds to bacteria to activate complement?

A

C-reactive protein

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5
Q

What does mast cell degranulation cause? (2)

A

Increased blood flow and leaky blood vessels, causes oedema and local irritation

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6
Q

What cells are recruited first in the complement pathway?

A

Neutrophils

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7
Q

What is the role of a neutrophil?

A

Phagocytosis

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8
Q

What is the role of a dendritic cell?

A

Engulf and internalise bacteria

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9
Q

Where do dendritic cells take bacteria?

A

Lymph nodes

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10
Q

What cells recruit T-cells in the lymph nodes?

A

Dendritic cells

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11
Q

How do dendritic cells interact with T-cells in the presence of bacteria?

A

Dendritic cells present bacteria peptide to the naive T helper cells on their MHC II molecules which activates T cells

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12
Q

Which T helper cells are activated by dendritic cells?

A

T helper 1 and T helper 2

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13
Q

What is the role of activated T helper 2 cells?

A

Cause B cells to become plasma cells and produce antibodies

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14
Q

What is the first antibody to be produced?

A

IgM followed by IgG or IgA

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15
Q

What are the benefits of IgM? (3)

A

5 binding sites to enhance efficiency, good opsonin and activates the classical complement pathway

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16
Q

What engulfs opsonised bacteria?

A

Phagocytes

17
Q

How is bacterial debris removed after an infection is controlled?

A

Neutrophils or by antibodies as soluble immune complexes

18
Q

What is the classical pathway?

A

Antigen-antibody complexes in pathogen surfaces, release C1q, C1r, C1s, C4 and C2

19
Q

What is the MB-Lectin pathway?

A

Mannan binding lectin binds mannose on pathogen surfaces, releasing MBL, MASP-, MASP-2, C4 and C2

20
Q

What is the alternative pathway?

A

Pathogen surfaces, release of C3, B and D

21
Q

What is the common pathway?

A

C3 convertase causes the generation of C3a, C3b and C5a

22
Q

What do C3a and C5a cause?

A

Peptide mediators of inflammation to be activated and phagocyte recruitment

23
Q

What does C3b do?

A

Binds to complement receptors on phagocytes to cause opsonisation of pathogens and removal of immune complexes

24
Q

What are the terminal complement components?

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9

25
Q

What do C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9 cause?

A

Membrane attack complex, lysis of certain pathogens and cells

Immune and Lymphatic Systems (9 decks)

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