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Microbiology > Bacterial genetics and growth > Flashcards

Bacterial genetics and growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

closed loop of double stranded DNA. Stores genetic information.

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2
Q

What is a gene?

A

region of chromosome that encodes the primary structure of a specific protein.

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3
Q

What is meant by genotype?

A

the genes themselves and other nucleotides sequence present in the genome.

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4
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

refers to the physical, behavioral, and metabolic properties of an organism resulting from the genotype.

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5
Q

What happened during Griffith’s experiment?

A

Injected mice with Living/dead S cells, Living R cells and both living R cells and dead S cells.

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6
Q

Who discovered the sequence of DNA?

A

Francis Crick and James Watson.

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7
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

the basic building block of nucleic acids. A phosphate group, a sugar, and nitrogenous base.

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8
Q

Complementary base pairing?

A

The idea that certain nucleotides pair with one another,

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9
Q

What roles do hydrogen bonds play in DNA structure?

A

causes the twisting of the DNA and hold together the DNA.

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10
Q

Gyrase:

A

undoes the supercoil. Done in regions.

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11
Q

Helicase:

A

untwist the DNA helix.

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12
Q

Polymerase:

A

what synthesizes the new DNA. Builds in the new DNA in a 5‘- 3’ direction. Thus, building the daughter strand.

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13
Q

Ligase:

A

glues the DNA fragments together.

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14
Q

Replication fork:

A

two strands created by the helicase.

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15
Q

What is the origin?

A

region of nucleotides that the helicase has a strong binding form. Two helicases can come on there.

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16
Q

What is transcription?

A

process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied (transcribed) into a single stranded RNA molecule.

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17
Q

The stages of transcription?

A

Initiation- RNA synthesis begins after RNA polymerase attaches to the promotor and untwists the DNA helix.
Elongation – RNA polymerase continues to synthesize complementary RNA and build mRNA.
Transcription – RNA synthesize ends when RNA polymerase reaches the terminator sequence.

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18
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

an enzyme/protein. It unzips DNA and brings in complementary pair.

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19
Q

What are promoter and terminator sequences?

A

this is where the RNA polymerase attaches and detaches.

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20
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

copy of the gene that travels to ribosome to be translated to a protein.

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21
Q

What is Translation?

A

mRNA producing proteins.

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22
Q

What are codons and how many are there?

A

grouping of three mRNA nucleotides that encode a specific amino acid. There are 64.

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23
Q

What are the stop and start codons?

A

Start = AUG. Stop = UAA, UAG, and UGA.

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24
Q

What is the function of the tRNA?

A

RNA molecule bound to a specific amino acid based upon anticodon sequence. — Attach to particular amino acid and carry it wherever it goes.

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25
Q

How do mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNA work together during translation?

A

tRNA bring the appropriate amino acids to their ribosomes and the mRNA sequence them and binds them to the corrects codon.

26
Q

What is an operon?

A

functional unit of DNA made up of genes plus regulatory sequences.

27
Q

The difference between inducible and repressible operons?

A

inducible are always off and repressible are always on.

28
Q

What is the purpose of Lac Operon?

A

to turn on lactose enzyme.

29
Q

How do repressor proteins stop gene trsnscription?

A

They block RNA polymerase from binding.

30
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

31
Q

What are point mutation and the different types?

A

a change in a single nucleotide.
3 types:
Substitution (substitutes wrong amino acid), deletion (skips an amino acid), insertion (add amino acid into pattern).

32
Q

What are frame shift errors?

A

shifts all amino acids from point of deletion/insertion.

33
Q

What is a template strand?

A

the guide that is used to make new strand.

34
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

It is the transfer of genetic info from one organism to another within the same generation. Like giving it to a neighbor.

35
Q

What occurs furring transformation, conjugation, and transduction?

A

Transformation – bacteria die, break apart and leave fragments in environment, the live bacteria then take up those pieces. Conjugation – Transfer of plasmid DNA by way of pilus. Transduction – Transfer of DNA via virus.

36
Q

What is meant by “competent”?

A

change cell membrane to make it more porous thus allowing other fragments of cell DNA to be taken.

37
Q

How do restriction enzymes work?

A

stop infection by bacterial viruses. Accomplished by cutting DNA.

38
Q

What are sticky ends?

A

complimentary sequence ends. The ends stick together with other sticky end from nucleotides.

39
Q

What was the first FDA approved medication made using genetic engineering?

A

Humulin insulin

40
Q

What process is used to genetically engineer bacteria?

A

cut DNA and past.

41
Q

What steps are used to introduce a gene into a plasmid?

A

DNA that has gene we’re interested in and cut it with restriction enzyme in it.

42
Q

What roles are played by restriction enzymes and ligase?

A

stick cells together and ligase sticks them together.

43
Q

What is the pGLO gene?

A

encode green fluorescent protein. Come from jellyfish and glows green.

44
Q

How is pGLO used in genetic engeering?

A

To see which ones took.

45
Q

Why do bacteria produce restriction enzymes?

A

so that it doesn’t cut up it’s own DNA.

46
Q

What are methylases and methylation?

A

protects its own DNA sequence so that the cell doesn’t cut up its own DNA.

47
Q

What is a CRISPR?

A

system that includes enzyme that allows for DNA to be cut with more precision.

48
Q

What is Cas9?

A

labels where you want to cut.

49
Q

What is guide RNA?

A

binds complimentary DNA directly where the Cas9 enzyme cuts.

50
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

this is when aerobic organisms are ingested by anaerobic organisms. This was accomplished by endosymbionts

51
Q

What evidence supports this idea?

A

look at mitochondria.

52
Q

What are protozoans?

A

unicellular heterotrophic, mobile, and some are pathogenic.

53
Q

What is a trophozoites?

A

This is when the microorganism is living inside of the hosts. (active)

54
Q

What is a cysts?

A

is the form the microorganism takes while outside of the host until it is picked up by a host (dormant).

55
Q

What are Archaezoans?

A

multiple types of flagella. Meaning ancient animals. Anaerobic metabolism.
Examples: – Giardia and Trichomonas

56
Q

What are Euglenozoans?

A

one flagellum each. Does not cause disease. Contains a red spot and is green (because of chloroplasts). Both heterotrophic and autotrophic.
Examples: Euglena and Trypanosoma

57
Q

What are Amoebozoans?

A

pseudopods

Examples: Amoeba, entamoeba, dictyostelium (slime mold)

58
Q

What are Apicomplexans?

A

motile in early life stages, but not motile as adults. Obligate intracellular parasite (must be inside host cell).
Examples: Plasmodium and Cryptosporidium

59
Q

What are algae?

A

able to make own food and multicellular/unicellular.

60
Q

What is a red tide?

A

overgrow in seawater. Neurotoxins are released and suffocate fish.

61
Q

What are diatoms?

A

unicellular algae that have cell walls mode of silica (glass).

62
Q

Why are diatoms important?

A

produce O2 and fossilize ocean floor once they die and become fossil fuel.

Microbiology (4 decks)

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