Bacterial genetics and growth Flashcards by Hannah Renfroe

What is a chromosome?

closed loop of double stranded DNA. Stores genetic information.

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What is a gene?

region of chromosome that encodes the primary structure of a specific protein.

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What is meant by genotype?

the genes themselves and other nucleotides sequence present in the genome.

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What is a phenotype?

refers to the physical, behavioral, and metabolic properties of an organism resulting from the genotype.

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What happened during Griffith’s experiment?

Injected mice with Living/dead S cells, Living R cells and both living R cells and dead S cells.

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Who discovered the sequence of DNA?

Francis Crick and James Watson.

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What are nucleotides?

the basic building block of nucleic acids. A phosphate group, a sugar, and nitrogenous base.

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Complementary base pairing?

The idea that certain nucleotides pair with one another,

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What roles do hydrogen bonds play in DNA structure?

causes the twisting of the DNA and hold together the DNA.

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Gyrase:

undoes the supercoil. Done in regions.

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Helicase:

untwist the DNA helix.

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Polymerase:

what synthesizes the new DNA. Builds in the new DNA in a 5‘- 3’ direction. Thus, building the daughter strand.

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Ligase:

glues the DNA fragments together.

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Replication fork:

two strands created by the helicase.

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What is the origin?

region of nucleotides that the helicase has a strong binding form. Two helicases can come on there.

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What is transcription?

process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied (transcribed) into a single stranded RNA molecule.

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The stages of transcription?

Initiation- RNA synthesis begins after RNA polymerase attaches to the promotor and untwists the DNA helix.
Elongation – RNA polymerase continues to synthesize complementary RNA and build mRNA.
Transcription – RNA synthesize ends when RNA polymerase reaches the terminator sequence.

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What is RNA polymerase?

an enzyme/protein. It unzips DNA and brings in complementary pair.

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What are promoter and terminator sequences?

this is where the RNA polymerase attaches and detaches.

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What is the function of mRNA?

copy of the gene that travels to ribosome to be translated to a protein.

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What is Translation?

mRNA producing proteins.

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What are codons and how many are there?

grouping of three mRNA nucleotides that encode a specific amino acid. There are 64.

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What are the stop and start codons?

Start = AUG. Stop = UAA, UAG, and UGA.

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What is the function of the tRNA?

RNA molecule bound to a specific amino acid based upon anticodon sequence. — Attach to particular amino acid and carry it wherever it goes.

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How do mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNA work together during translation?

tRNA bring the appropriate amino acids to their ribosomes and the mRNA sequence them and binds them to the corrects codon.

What is an operon?

functional unit of DNA made up of genes plus regulatory sequences.

The difference between inducible and repressible operons?

inducible are always off and repressible are always on.

What is the purpose of Lac Operon?

to turn on lactose enzyme.

How do repressor proteins stop gene trsnscription?

They block RNA polymerase from binding.

What is a mutation?

a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

What are point mutation and the different types?

a change in a single nucleotide. 3 types: Substitution (substitutes wrong amino acid), deletion (skips an amino acid), insertion (add amino acid into pattern).

What are frame shift errors?

shifts all amino acids from point of deletion/insertion.

What is a template strand?

the guide that is used to make new strand.

What is horizontal gene transfer?

It is the transfer of genetic info from one organism to another within the same generation. Like giving it to a neighbor.

What occurs furring transformation, conjugation, and transduction?

Transformation – bacteria die, break apart and leave fragments in environment, the live bacteria then take up those pieces. Conjugation – Transfer of plasmid DNA by way of pilus. Transduction – Transfer of DNA via virus.

What is meant by "competent"?

change cell membrane to make it more porous thus allowing other fragments of cell DNA to be taken.

How do restriction enzymes work?

stop infection by bacterial viruses. Accomplished by cutting DNA.

What are sticky ends?

complimentary sequence ends. The ends stick together with other sticky end from nucleotides.

What was the first FDA approved medication made using genetic engineering?

Humulin insulin

What process is used to genetically engineer bacteria?

cut DNA and past.

What steps are used to introduce a gene into a plasmid?

DNA that has gene we’re interested in and cut it with restriction enzyme in it.

What roles are played by restriction enzymes and ligase?

stick cells together and ligase sticks them together.

What is the pGLO gene?

encode green fluorescent protein. Come from jellyfish and glows green.

How is pGLO used in genetic engeering?

To see which ones took.

Why do bacteria produce restriction enzymes?

so that it doesn't cut up it's own DNA.

What are methylases and methylation?

protects its own DNA sequence so that the cell doesn’t cut up its own DNA.

What is a CRISPR?

system that includes enzyme that allows for DNA to be cut with more precision.

What is Cas9?

labels where you want to cut.

What is guide RNA?

binds complimentary DNA directly where the Cas9 enzyme cuts.

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

this is when aerobic organisms are ingested by anaerobic organisms. This was accomplished by endosymbionts

What evidence supports this idea?

look at mitochondria.

What are protozoans?

unicellular heterotrophic, mobile, and some are pathogenic.

What is a trophozoites?

This is when the microorganism is living inside of the hosts. (active)

What is a cysts?

is the form the microorganism takes while outside of the host until it is picked up by a host (dormant).

What are Archaezoans?

multiple types of flagella. Meaning ancient animals. Anaerobic metabolism. Examples: – Giardia and Trichomonas

What are Euglenozoans?

one flagellum each. Does not cause disease. Contains a red spot and is green (because of chloroplasts). Both heterotrophic and autotrophic. Examples: Euglena and Trypanosoma

What are Amoebozoans?

pseudopods | Examples: Amoeba, entamoeba, dictyostelium (slime mold)

What are Apicomplexans?

motile in early life stages, but not motile as adults. Obligate intracellular parasite (must be inside host cell). Examples: Plasmodium and Cryptosporidium

What are algae?

able to make own food and multicellular/unicellular.

What is a red tide?

overgrow in seawater. Neurotoxins are released and suffocate fish.

What are diatoms?

unicellular algae that have cell walls mode of silica (glass).

Why are diatoms important?

produce O2 and fossilize ocean floor once they die and become fossil fuel.