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Bacterial Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria with no cell wall

A
  1. Mycoplasma
  2. Ureaplasma
  3. Spiroplasma
  4. Anaeroplasma
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2
Q

2 alternating dissacharides in peptidoglycan/murein layer

A
  1. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

2. N- acetyl-D-muramic acid

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3
Q

small circular molecule of DNA containing accessory information

A

Plasmids

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4
Q

most commonly found in gram negative bacteria, each carries genes for its own replication. It can confer resistance to antibiotices

A

Plasmids

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5
Q

What is the chromosomal DNA of prokaryotes?

A

Circular, complexed with RNA

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6
Q

Typical size of bacteria

A
  1. 4 - 2 micrometer in diameter

0. 5 - 5 micrometer in length

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7
Q

Site of energy production in prokaryotes

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

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8
Q

Present in most prokaryotes as an organized capsule or unorganized slime layer

A

Glycocalyx

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9
Q

gives the bacterial cell shape and strength to withstand changes in environmental osmotic pressures

A

Cell wall

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10
Q

Protects against mechanical disruption of the cell

A

cell wall

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11
Q

Offers some barrier to the passage of larger substances

A

cell wall

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12
Q

Characteristics of Gram positive cell wall

A
  1. Thich cell wall

2. Presence of techoic and lipotechoic acid

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13
Q

provides rigidity to cell wall by attracting cations such as magnesium and calcium

A

Teichoic acid

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14
Q

Characteristics of Gram negative cell wall

A
  1. Thin peptidoglycan later
  2. Periplasmic space
  3. outer membrane
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15
Q

Componentes of the outer membrane

A
  1. proteins
  2. phospholipids
  3. lipopolysaccahride
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16
Q

It acts as a barrier to hydrophobic compounds and harmful substances

A

Outer membrane

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17
Q

It acts as a sieve, allowing water-soluble molecules to enter through protein-lined channels called porins

A

Outer membrane

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18
Q

It provides attachment sites that enhance attachment to host cells

A

outer membrane

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19
Q

How long are the cells saturated/flooded with primary stain in gram staining?

A

60 seconds or 1 minute

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20
Q

How long will the mordant stay before rinsing off in gram staining?

A

60 seconds or 1 minute

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21
Q

How long is the slide rinsed with alcohol in gram staining?

A

20 seconds or until there is no run off of color

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22
Q

Color of gram positive bacteria

A

mid - dark purple

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23
Q

Color of gram negative bacteria

A

pink - red

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24
Q

what decolorizer is used in gram staining?

A

acetone alcohol

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25
Q

Reagents of gram staining

A

V (crystal Violet)
I (Iodine)
A (Alcohol)
S (Safranin red)

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26
Q

Characteristic exhibited by gram positive bacteria

A

Gram variability

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27
Q

Bacteria with natural gram variability

A
  1. Mobiluncus spp.

2. Gardnerella vaginalis

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28
Q

Contributing factors of gram variability

A
  1. Use of old culture
  2. pH of staining reagents
  3. Bacterial autolysis
  4. Staining reaction time
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29
Q

very difficult to stain using gram staining

A

Spirals

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30
Q

Result of gram staining in spirals

A

gram negative

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31
Q

contain a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids (mycolic acid)

A

Acid fast organisms such as mycobacterium spp. and nocardia spp.

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32
Q

specifically designed for a subset of bacteria whose cell walls contain long-chain fatty (mycolic) acids.

A

acid fast staining

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33
Q

render the cells resistant to decolorization, even with acid alcohol decolorizers

A

Mycolic acid

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34
Q

most commonly encountered acid-fast bacteria

A

Mycobacterium

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35
Q

What specimen is used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

sputum or phlegm specimen

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36
Q

Partially acid-fast organisms

A
  1. Nocardia
  2. Rhodococcus
  3. Legionella micdadei
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37
Q

Distinctly acid-fast organisms

A
  1. Cryptosporidium

2. Isospora (Cystoisospora belli/Isospora belli)

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38
Q

Mordant used in Ziehl-Nee Isen method

A

Heat

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39
Q

Reagents used in Ziehl-Nee Isen method

A
  1. Carbol Fuschin
  2. Acid Alcohol
  3. Methylene Blue
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40
Q

Reagents used in Kinyoun method

A
  1. Carbol Fuschin
  2. Tergitol
  3. Acid alcohol
  4. Methylene blue
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41
Q

Acid alcohol in Ziehl-Nee Isen method

A

3% HCl in 95% Ethanol

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42
Q

Acid alcohol in Kinyoun method

A

3% H2S04 in 95% Ethanol

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43
Q

Color of acid fast organism

A

Red

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44
Q

Color of non acid fast organism

A

Blue

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45
Q

Fluorochrome stain used in Acid fast staining

A

Auramine-Rhodamine

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46
Q

Color of acid fast bacteria using fluorochrome stain

A

Yellow or orange

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47
Q

Stain used for observation of metachromatic granules

A

Methylene Blue / LAMB

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48
Q

Stain used to detect WBC such as in stool samples

A

Methylene Blue

49
Q

How long is the cell counterstained in Gram staining?

A

30 Seconds

50
Q

Color of the stained cells in the specimen (such as epithelium, WBC, RBC, and amporphous background material) in gram staining

A

It should appear pink (gram-negative)

51
Q

Stain used to locate bacteria in blood cultures and other specimens where discerning bacteria might be difficult

A

Acridine orange ( a fluorochrome dye)

52
Q

Stain that binds to chitin in fungal cell walls

A

Calcofluor White

53
Q

It fluoresces a bright apple green or blue-white, allowing visualization of fungal structures with a fluorescent microscope

A

Calcofluor White

54
Q

Used to stain the cell walls of medically important fungi grown in slide culture

A

Lactophenol Cotton Blue

55
Q

Negative stains used for visualization of certain yeasts such as cryptococcus spp.

A

India ink and nigrosin

56
Q

Commonly used to stain bacterial spores

A

Schaefer-Fulton spore stain

57
Q

Primary stain of Schaefer-Fulton

A

Malachite green

58
Q

How long is the heat-fixed smear heated to steaming with the primary stain in Schaefer-fulton spore stain

A

about 5 minutes

59
Q

How long is the preparation washed to remove primary stain in schaefer-fulton stain?

A

30 seconds

60
Q

What counterstain is used in schaefer-fulton stain?

61
Q

What is the color of the endospores and the bacterial cells in schaefer-fulton stain?

A

Green endospores within pink or red appearing bacterial cells

62
Q

0 AFB seen Fuchsin stain in 1000x magnification

A

No AFB seen

63
Q

1-2/300 fields AFB seen Fuchsin stain in 1000x magnification

64
Q

1-9/100 fields AFB seen Fuchsin stain in 1000x magnification

65
Q

1-9/10 fields AFB seen Fuchsin stain in 1000x magnification

66
Q

1-9/field AFB seen Fuchsin stain in 1000x magnification

67
Q

> 9/field AFB seen Fuchsin stain in 1000x magnification

68
Q

0 AFB seen Fluorochrome stain in 450x magnification

A

No AFB seen

69
Q

1-2/70 fields AFB seen Fluorochrome stain in 450x magnification

70
Q

2-18/50 fields AFB seen Fluorochrome stain in 450x magnification

71
Q

4-36/10 fields AFB seen Fluorochrome stain in 450x magnification

72
Q

4-36/field AFB seen Fluorochrome stain in 450x magnification

73
Q

> 36/field AFB seen Fluorochrome stain in 450x magnification

74
Q

0 AFB seen Fluorochrome stain in 250x magnification

A

No AFB seen

75
Q

1-2/30 fields AFB seen Fluorochrome stain in 250x magnification

76
Q

1-9/10 fields AFB seen Fluorochrome stain in 250x magnification

77
Q

1-9/fields AFB seen Fluorochrome stain in 250x magnification

78
Q

10-90/field AFB seen Fluorochrome stain in 250x magnification

79
Q

> 90/field AFB seen Fluorochrome stain in 250x magnification

80
Q

Contains sterols

A

Mycoplasma and ureaplasma

81
Q

phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins that envelops the cytoplasm but does not contain sterols

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

82
Q

Separates the intracellular components of the bacterial cell from the extracellular environment

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

83
Q

Acts as an osmotic barrier between the inside and outside of the bacterial cell by allowing selective permeability of the
membrane to macromolecules

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

84
Q

Site of electron chain transport

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

85
Q

Deepest layer of cell envelope

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

86
Q

Houses enzymes involved in outer membrane and cell wall synthesis, and the assembly and secretion of extracytoplasmic and extracellular substances

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

87
Q

Folds or invagination along the length of the cytoplasmic/plasma membrane which serves as a point of attachment for chromosomes

88
Q

Sites of protein synthesis

A

Free ribosomes

89
Q

Size of ribosomes in bacterial cells

A

70s; two subunits 50s and 30s

90
Q

Storage deposits and may consisits of polysaccharides and lipids

A

Cytoplasmic granules mainly in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

91
Q

Some bacteria produce this in response to harsh environmental conditions

A

Endospores

92
Q

Small, dormant, asexual spores that develop inside bacterial cell as a mean of survival

A

Endospores

93
Q

Their thick protein coat makes them highly resistant to chemical agents, temperature change, starvation, dehydration, UV and gamma radiation, and dessication.

A

Endospores

94
Q

Highly refractile bodies in the cell

A

Endospores

95
Q

Has a terminal spore that gives it a tennis racquet shaped or lollipop shaped appearance

A

Clostridium tetani

96
Q

Why is antimicrobial agents more effective in gram positive organisms rather than gram negative organisms?

A

Antimicrobial agents prevent synthesis of peptidoglycan. Gram negative bacteria have a thinner layer with different wall structure so they are less affected by these agents

97
Q

Two important sporulating bacteria

A
  1. Bacillus

2. Clostridium

98
Q

Anchored to the cell wall or peptidoglycan

A

teichoic acid

99
Q

Anchored to the plasma membrane

A

lipoteichoic acid

100
Q

One of its region has an antigenic 0 specific polysaccharide

A

Lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane

101
Q

Responsible for producing fever and shock conditions infected with gram negative bacteria

A

Lipid A moiety (endotoxin)

102
Q

A strong hydrophobic molecule that forms a lipid shell around the organism and affects its permeability

A

Mycolic acid

103
Q

It avoids chemical damage and dehydration; Allows bacteria to grow inside macrophage

A

Mycolic acid

104
Q

Seen in various shapes microscopically

A

pleomorphic

105
Q

Acts as a virulence factor in helping the pathogen evade phagocytosis

106
Q

Why capsule needs to be removed during identification of certain bacteria by serologic typing

A

To detect the somatic (cell wall) antigens present underneath them

107
Q

Why the Salmonella thypi must have its capsular (Vi) antigen removed?

A

To observe agglutination with Salmonella somatic (O) antisera

108
Q

Medically important capsulated bacteria

A
  1. Neisseria Meningitidis
  2. Haemophilus influenza serotype B
  3. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
  4. Klebsiella Pneumoniae
  5. Bacillus anthracis
  6. Pseudomonas areuginosa
  7. Salmonella typhi
  8. Cryptococcus neoformans
109
Q

gel-like matrix containing nutrient-binding proteins and degradative and detoxifying enzymes

A

Periplasmic space

110
Q

Associated with K Antigen

111
Q

uniform and condensed organized material that is firmly attached to the cell wall of the bacteria

112
Q

Loose or diffused, thick, viscous unorganized material that appears to be detached from the bacterial or not firmly attached to the cell wall of the bacteria

A

Slime layer

113
Q

serves as a form of protection from
phagocytosis, or in some instances, it helps the
bacteria to adhere to host tissues or synthetic
implants such as prosthetic heart valves

A

Slime layer

114
Q

exterior protein filaments or whip-like projections which is embedded in the cell envelope with a motor attached in a basal body responsible for its propeller-like rotation of the flagella which makes bacteria move.

115
Q

Associated with H Antigen (Hauch Antigen) which is very useful in serologically typing and identifying species of Salmonella

116
Q

Protein projections that are thinner and shorter than flagella and are most usually found in gram negative bacteria

117
Q

Main compositions of Endospores

A

Calcium Dipicolinate or Calcium-Dipicolinic Acid Complex

118
Q

It means no definite form or shapeless

Bacteriology (10 decks)

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