Bacterial causes of cystitis Flashcards
1
Q
What is cystitis?
A
- fairly common lower urinary tract infection, which affects animals and people of both sexes and ages
- (more common in females)
2
Q
What is cystitis hard to manage?
A
- multiple animals in the same household can get it - same predisposing factors
- if an animal has it once - more prone to it
3
Q
Why is diabetes a predisposing factor to cystitis?
A
- sugar in the urine
- allows the bacteria to grow much quicker
4
Q
Name the causes of cystitis?
A
- bacteria
- fungi/ yeast
- parasites
- trauma
- toxins - irritation of bladder ep
- associated with neoplasia
- immunosuppression - infection e.g. overgrowth of natural flora
5
Q
Which animals is cystitis most common in?
A
- dogs
- cats
- guinea pigs
- cattle
- pigs
6
Q
Why is cystitis so important?
A
- common in cats and dogs - cause severe pain
- 1-2% of cows in a herd may be affected - severe pain, welfare issues and economics
- reduce milk yield by up to 10%
7
Q
Why doesnt cystitis happen all the time?
A
- anatomy normally prevents it (faeces dont go near the urethra)
- but diarrohea, cleanliness of parlour, vets, farmers, AI, copulation - compromise this
8
Q
What are the clinical signs of cystitis?
A
- pollakiuria, haematuria, stranguria, dysuria, and urinating in inappropriate places
- haematuria - more noticable at the end of the urine stream
9
Q
What would be seen if the condition has a bacterial component?
A
- abnormal urine odour
- pyrexia
- cloudy urine
- clumpy urine
- systemic signs - lethargy, anorexia
10
Q
What are the types of infection?
A
- acute cystitis
- chronic cystitis
- polypoid cystitis
- follicular cystitis
- enphysematous cystitis
- feline idiopathic cystitis
11
Q
What is a relapse?
A
- a recurrent infection caused by the same bacterial organism
- treatment failure
- caused by inappropriate antibiotic therapy/ unrecognised complicating factor
12
Q
What is a reinfection?
A
- a recurrent infection in which different organisms are causative
- usually caused by host defense issues
- disorders of micturition
- anatomic abnormalities
- concurrent disease
13
Q
What are the pre-disposing factors for cystitis?
A
- uroliths
- anatomic defects
- polyps
- neoplasia
- chronic glucocorticoid use
- chronic kidney disease
- hyperadrenocorticism
- diabetes mellitus
- urine stasis
- incomplete voiding of urine
- bladder trauma
- glycosuria
- dilute or alkaline urine
14
Q
What are the common bacterial causes of cystitis?
A
- escherichia coli
- staphylococcus aureus
- streptococcus spp
- klebsiella pneumoniae
- proteus mirabilis and vulgaris
- enterobacter spp
- enterococcus spp
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
- corynebacterium renale - cattle
- eubacterium suis - pigs
- haemophilus haemoglobinophilus - dogs
15
Q
What bacterium is this?
A
- Proteus spp
- gram -ve
- faculatively anaerobic
- rod shaped bacterium
- all animals susceptible
16
Q
What bacterium is this?
A
- pseudomonas spp
- gram -ve
- aerobic
- rod shaped bacterium
- all species susceptible
17
Q
What bacterium is this?
A
- haemophilus haemoglobinophilus
- gram -ve
- facultatively anaerobic
- rod shaped bacterium
- mainly - dogs
18
Q
What is this?
A
- eubacterium suis
- actinomyces suis, eubacterium suis, corynebacterium suis
- pathogen in pigs only
- anaerobic
- gram +ve rods
- A.suis - normal inhabitant of the prepuce and can be isolated from the preputial diverticulum of most male pigs (over 10 wks)
19
Q
A
20
Q
WHat is this?
A
- porcine cystitis
- microabscesses
- epithelial hypertrophy
- mucinous metaplasia
- diffuse
- mild
- chronic-active
21
Q
What is this?
A
- enterobacter spp
- gram -ve
- fac. anaerobe
- all species
- faecal material
22
Q
What is this?
A
- enterococci spp
- g+ve
- cocci shaped
- fac anaerobic
- all species
23
Q
E.coli and UTIs??
A
- G-ve
- fac. anaerobe
- rod shape
- most common UTI
- UPEC - has pyelonephritis fimbriae - attach to urinary tissue
- can replicate in bladder cells
- persistant
24
Q
What are the E.coli pathotypes?
A
- EPEC - enteropathogenic E.coli
- EHEC - enterohaemorrhagic E.coli
- ETEC - enterotoxigenic E.coli
- APEC - avian pathogenic E.coli
- EIEC - enteroinvasive E.coli
- EAggEC - enteroaggrative E.coli
- UPEC - Urinary pathogenic E.coli
25
WHat is this?
* E.coli cystitis in pig
26
What is this?
* polypoid cystitis (E.coli)
* boxer
27
What is this showing?
* intracellular E.coli
* persistent infections
28
What is this?
* UPEC
* has pylonephritis fimbriae - attach to urinary tissue
29
What is this?
* staphylococcus spp
* g+ve
* aerobic
* cocci shaped
* all animals
* pus
30
What is this?
* streptococcus spp
* g+ve
* cocci shaped
* fac. anaerobe
* all animals
31
WHat is this?
* Klebsiella spp
* g-ve
* fac. anaerobic
* rod shaped
* all animals
32
What is this?
* corynebacterium renale
* cattle (sheep, pigs, goats)
* g+ve
* fac. anaerobe
* rod shaped filamentous
* found in the prepuce and semen of asymptomatic bulls
33
When does cystitis normally occur?
* after parturition
34
What is this showing?
* bacterial nephritis
* difficult to get antibiotics of the right conc
35
What are the preferred methods for sample collection?
* cystocentesis
* sterile urethral catheter
* midstream catch
* 2 hours culture
* 24 hours if refrigerated
36
How to diagnose cystitis?
* urinalysis - increased protein content, increased haemoglobin
* WBC dipstick - not accurate
* alkaline pH - urease +ve e.g. staph and proteus
* examine sediment - wbcs, rbcs, bacteria
* ultrasound and plain and contrast radiographs
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