Bacterial causes of cystitis Flashcards

1
Q

What is cystitis?

A
  • fairly common lower urinary tract infection, which affects animals and people of both sexes and ages
  • (more common in females)
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2
Q

What is cystitis hard to manage?

A
  • multiple animals in the same household can get it - same predisposing factors
  • if an animal has it once - more prone to it
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3
Q

Why is diabetes a predisposing factor to cystitis?

A
  • sugar in the urine
  • allows the bacteria to grow much quicker
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4
Q

Name the causes of cystitis?

A
  • bacteria
  • fungi/ yeast
  • parasites
  • trauma
  • toxins - irritation of bladder ep
  • associated with neoplasia
  • immunosuppression - infection e.g. overgrowth of natural flora
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5
Q

Which animals is cystitis most common in?

A
  • dogs
  • cats
  • guinea pigs
  • cattle
  • pigs
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6
Q

Why is cystitis so important?

A
  • common in cats and dogs - cause severe pain
  • 1-2% of cows in a herd may be affected - severe pain, welfare issues and economics
    • reduce milk yield by up to 10%
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7
Q

Why doesnt cystitis happen all the time?

A
  • anatomy normally prevents it (faeces dont go near the urethra)
    • but diarrohea, cleanliness of parlour, vets, farmers, AI, copulation - compromise this
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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of cystitis?

A
  • pollakiuria, haematuria, stranguria, dysuria, and urinating in inappropriate places
  • haematuria - more noticable at the end of the urine stream
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9
Q

What would be seen if the condition has a bacterial component?

A
  • abnormal urine odour
  • pyrexia
  • cloudy urine
  • clumpy urine
  • systemic signs - lethargy, anorexia
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10
Q

What are the types of infection?

A
  • acute cystitis
  • chronic cystitis
    • polypoid cystitis
    • follicular cystitis
  • enphysematous cystitis
  • feline idiopathic cystitis
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11
Q

What is a relapse?

A
  • a recurrent infection caused by the same bacterial organism
  • treatment failure
  • caused by inappropriate antibiotic therapy/ unrecognised complicating factor
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12
Q

What is a reinfection?

A
  • a recurrent infection in which different organisms are causative
  • usually caused by host defense issues
    • disorders of micturition
    • anatomic abnormalities
    • concurrent disease
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13
Q

What are the pre-disposing factors for cystitis?

A
  • uroliths
  • anatomic defects
  • polyps
  • neoplasia
  • chronic glucocorticoid use
  • chronic kidney disease
  • hyperadrenocorticism
  • diabetes mellitus
  • urine stasis
  • incomplete voiding of urine
  • bladder trauma
  • glycosuria
  • dilute or alkaline urine
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14
Q

What are the common bacterial causes of cystitis?

A
  • escherichia coli
  • staphylococcus aureus
  • streptococcus spp
  • klebsiella pneumoniae
  • proteus mirabilis and vulgaris
  • enterobacter spp
  • enterococcus spp
  • pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • corynebacterium renale - cattle
  • eubacterium suis - pigs
  • haemophilus haemoglobinophilus - dogs
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15
Q

What bacterium is this?

A
  • Proteus spp
    • gram -ve
    • faculatively anaerobic
    • rod shaped bacterium
    • all animals susceptible
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16
Q

What bacterium is this?

A
  • pseudomonas spp
    • gram -ve
    • aerobic
    • rod shaped bacterium
    • all species susceptible
17
Q

What bacterium is this?

A
  • haemophilus haemoglobinophilus
    • gram -ve
    • facultatively anaerobic
    • rod shaped bacterium
    • mainly - dogs
18
Q

What is this?

A
  • eubacterium suis
    • actinomyces suis, eubacterium suis, corynebacterium suis
    • pathogen in pigs only
    • anaerobic
    • gram +ve rods
    • A.suis - normal inhabitant of the prepuce and can be isolated from the preputial diverticulum of most male pigs (over 10 wks)
19
Q
A
20
Q

WHat is this?

A
  • porcine cystitis
  • microabscesses
  • epithelial hypertrophy
  • mucinous metaplasia
  • diffuse
  • mild
  • chronic-active
21
Q

What is this?

A
  • enterobacter spp
  • gram -ve
  • fac. anaerobe
  • all species
  • faecal material
22
Q

What is this?

A
  • enterococci spp
  • g+ve
  • cocci shaped
  • fac anaerobic
  • all species
23
Q

E.coli and UTIs??

A
  • G-ve
  • fac. anaerobe
  • rod shape
  • most common UTI
  • UPEC - has pyelonephritis fimbriae - attach to urinary tissue
  • can replicate in bladder cells
  • persistant
24
Q

What are the E.coli pathotypes?

A
  • EPEC - enteropathogenic E.coli
  • EHEC - enterohaemorrhagic E.coli
  • ETEC - enterotoxigenic E.coli
  • APEC - avian pathogenic E.coli
  • EIEC - enteroinvasive E.coli
  • EAggEC - enteroaggrative E.coli
  • UPEC - Urinary pathogenic E.coli
25
Q

WHat is this?

A
  • E.coli cystitis in pig
26
Q

What is this?

A
  • polypoid cystitis (E.coli)
  • boxer
27
Q

What is this showing?

A
  • intracellular E.coli
  • persistent infections
28
Q

What is this?

A
  • UPEC
  • has pylonephritis fimbriae - attach to urinary tissue
29
Q

What is this?

A
  • staphylococcus spp
  • g+ve
  • aerobic
  • cocci shaped
  • all animals
  • pus
30
Q

What is this?

A
  • streptococcus spp
  • g+ve
  • cocci shaped
  • fac. anaerobe
  • all animals
31
Q

WHat is this?

A
  • Klebsiella spp
  • g-ve
  • fac. anaerobic
  • rod shaped
  • all animals
32
Q

What is this?

A
  • corynebacterium renale
    • cattle (sheep, pigs, goats)
    • g+ve
    • fac. anaerobe
    • rod shaped filamentous
    • found in the prepuce and semen of asymptomatic bulls
33
Q

When does cystitis normally occur?

A
  • after parturition
34
Q

What is this showing?

A
  • bacterial nephritis
  • difficult to get antibiotics of the right conc
35
Q

What are the preferred methods for sample collection?

A
  • cystocentesis
  • sterile urethral catheter
  • midstream catch
  • 2 hours culture
  • 24 hours if refrigerated
36
Q

How to diagnose cystitis?

A
  • urinalysis - increased protein content, increased haemoglobin
  • WBC dipstick - not accurate
  • alkaline pH - urease +ve e.g. staph and proteus
  • examine sediment - wbcs, rbcs, bacteria
  • ultrasound and plain and contrast radiographs
37
Q
A