Bacteria: Gram Negative and more Flashcards by Deleted Deleted

Which of the following virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis is antigenic and has many serogroups, in which the most common causers of meningitis often possess serogroups A, B, and C?

A. Capsule

B. IgA1 protease

C. LPS

D. Pili

Capsule

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which virulence factor of Neisseria mengitidis causes blood vessel rupture that leads to petechiae on the skin, and causes potential damage to adrenal glands?

A. Capsule

B. IgA1 protease

C. LPS

D. Pili

LPS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What virulence factor is only found in Neisseria meningitidis? Bonus: what does this virulence factor do?

A. Capsule

B. IgA1 protease

C. LPS

D. Pili

IgA1 proteases

IgA1 protease cleaves IgA in half

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What virulence factor of Neisseria mengitidis allows the pathogen to attach to nasopharyngeal cells and undergo antigenic variation that aids in preventing its detection by immune cells?

A. Capsule

B. IgA1 protease

C. LPS

D. Pili

Pilli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All of the following groups are high risk for infection by Neisseria mengitidis, EXCEPT?

A. Infants aged 6 months to 2 years old

B. Children aged 8-14

C. Army recruits

D. College freshman

Children aged 8-14

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is the most common form of meningococcal disease?

A. Meningococcemia

B. Fulminant Meningococcemia (WAterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome)

C. Meningitis

D. None of the above

Meningitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following meningococcal diseases can lead to 2 of the other diseases listed below?

A. Meningococcemia

B. Fulminant Meningococcemia (WAterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome)

C. Meningitis

D. None of the above

Meningococcemia

NOTE:

Meningococcemia can lead to Fulminant mengococcemia and/or meningitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following meningococcal diseases is essentially septic shock?

A. Meningococcemia

B. Fulminant Meningococcemia (WAterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome)

C. Meningitis

D. None of the above

Fulminant Meningococcemia (WAterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 3 bacteria responsible for most meningitis acquired by an infant LESs than 3 months old?

Listeria

E. coli

Group B Strep

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The classic medium used for testing for N. meningitidis is called Thayer-Martin VCN that is a chocolate agar with antibiotics. The V stands for vancomycin which causes what affect?

A. Destruction of all gram negative bacteria except for Neisseria

B. Destruction of all gram positive bacteria

C. Destruction of all fungi

D. All of the above

Destruction of all gram positive bacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The classic medium used for testing for N. meningitidis is called Thayer-Martin VCN that is a chocolate agar with antibiotics. The C stands for colistin which causes what affect?

A. Destruction of all gram negative bacteria except for Neisseria

B. Destruction of all gram positive bacteria

C. Destruction of all fungi

D. All of the above

Destruction of all gram negative bacteria except for Neisseria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The classic medium used for testing for N. meningitidis is called Thayer-Martin VCN that is a chocolate agar with antibiotics. The N stands for nystatin which causes what affect?

A. Destruction of all gram negative bacteria except for Neisseria

B. Destruction of all gram positive bacteria

C. Destruction of all fungi

D. All of the above

Destruction of all fungi

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the second most common STI?

What gram negative bacteria is responsible for causing this STI?

What is the second most common STI?

gonorrheae

What gram negative bacteria is responsible for causing this STI?

gonococcus (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is true of ALL of the Gonococcus virulence factors Pili, PorA, and PorB, and Opa proteins overall? Bonus: For the incorrect options, highlight which virulence factor the trait is specific for.

A. They destroy the cilia on neighboring cells

B. They prevent phagocytosis

C. They promote invasion into the host’s epithelial cells

D. Allow gonococcus to bind to non-ciliated epithelial cells

A. They destroy the cilia on neighboring cells (LPS endotoxin)*
B. They prevent phagocytosis (Pili)*
C. They promote invasion into the host’s epithelial cells (Opa proteins, PorA, and Por B)*

D. Allow gonococcus to bind to non-ciliated epithelial cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PID can occur when a gonococcal infection of the cervix progresses and infects the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or endometrium. IUD’s increase risk of cervical gonococcal infection occurence, and 50% of cases of PID occur within one week of onset of menses. What can you tell me is the greatest complication of PID?

A. Ectopic pregnancy

B. Absecess

C. Infertility

D. Peritonitis

E. Peri-hepatitis

Infertility

NOTE:

The other listed options are all potential complications of PID

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are two possible disease occurances that may develop in men or women with gonococcal infection that goes untreated?

Bacteremia (rare)

Septic Arthritis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F: the HACEK group of bacteria is a slow growing gram negative pathogenic group known to cause endocarditis and includes Kingella

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Moraxella Catarrhalis is a gram negative bacteria that’s also known as Branhamella catarrhalis. This pathogen causes what 2 major diseases? What groups mostly develop the diseases caused by this pathogen?

Otitis media

children under 3

Upper respiratory infection

elderly and people with COPD

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Though the enterics are a large group of gram negative bacteria for which there are many groups. What are the 4 main groups?

Enterobacteriaeceae

Vibrionaceae

Pseudomonadaceae

Bacteriodaceae

The Enterics: Enter Vibrating Pseudo Bacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How are coliforms useful for determining if fecal matter is contaminating a water source?

What is a common coliform?

How are coliforms useful for determining if fecal matter is contaminating a water source?

Coliforms are normal bacterial inhabitants of the intestine, and their presence in a water source indicates that intestinal contents (poop) are present in that system

What is a common coliform?

E. coli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following enterics are able to ferment lactose, converting it to acid and gas?

A. Shigella

B. Salmonella

C. E. coli and most of the enterobactericeae

D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

E. coli and most of the enterobactericeae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In an EMB agar (eosine methyelene blue) E. coli turns which of the following colors?

A. Deep purple to black

B. Metallic green sheen

C. Pink-purple

D. None of the above

Metallic green sheen

NOTE:

EMB turns lactose fermenters deep purple black

MacConkey turns lactose fermenters into a pink-purple coloration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gram negative, lactose fermenting bacteria would likley appear what color when plated on a MacConkey agar?

A. Deep purple to black

B. Metallic green sheen

C. Pink-purple

D. None of the above

Pink-purple

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Enterics have 3 major surface antigens that all vary slightly between each bacterium. Which of the following Ags is not found on Shigella and thus is why it is not motile and lacks flagella unlike Salmonella?

A. O antigen

B. K antigen

C. H antigen

H antigen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Enterics have 3 major surface antigens that all vary slightly between each bacterium. Which of the following Ags is the outer most antigen? A. O antigen B. K antigen C. H antigen

O antigen NOTE: O antigen is the **O**uter most antigen K antigen forms the **K**apsule

Which of the following is likely the cause of watery diarrhea without system symptoms? A. Enterics do not invade the cell but bind and release enterotoxins; exemplified by E. coli and vibrio cholera B. Enterics invade the intestinal epithelial cells throughutilization of their virulence factors; exemplified by E. coli, Salmonella, and shigella C. Enterics invade lymph nodes and the bloodstream; exemplified by Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter jejuni D. None of the above

A. Enterics do not invade the cell but bind and release enterotoxins; exemplified by E. coli and vibrio cholera

Which of the following is likely the cause of diahrrea containing WBCs and RBCs, followed by system reaction where we see fever, headache, and increased WBCs (left shift?)? A. Enterics do not invade the cell but bind and release enterotoxins; exemplified by E. coli and vibrio cholera B. Enterics invade the intestinal epithelial cells throughutilization of their virulence factors; exemplified by E. coli, Salmonella, and shigella C. Enterics invade lymph nodes and the bloodstream; exemplified by Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter jejuni D. None of the above

C. Enterics invade lymph nodes and the bloodstream; exemplified by Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter jejuni NOTE: When enterics just invade intestinal epithelial cells we will likely just find WBCs in the stool

Based on the virulence factors of E. Coli, it can cause diarrhea that resembles infection from what 2 other enterics?

Vibrio cholera Shigella

Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (**ETEC**) causes "travelers diarrhea" where the diarrhea is watery due to inhibited uptake of NaCl by intestinal cells. ETEC is caused by which of the following mechanisms/virulence factors? A.Pili releases shiga-like toxin which mimics the MOA of *Shiga* toxin B. Pili releases heat labile (LT) and heat stable (ST) toxin C. Pili releases virulence factor that is encoded by the same plasmid that Shigella contains D. None of the above

B. Pili releases heat labile (LT) and heat stable (ST) toxin *See E**T**EC and think about the factors with a **T** in them, L**T** and S**T***

The release of Shiga-like toxin from Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (**EHEC**) infection would cause or most likely lead to all of the following results, EXCEPT? A. Bloody diarrhea accompanied with hemorrhagic colitis B. Bloody diarrhea that contains most WBCs C. Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure (Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome) D. Stop eating hamburger meat served at fast-food chains

B. Bloody diarrhea that contains most WBCs B. is caused by Enteroinvasive E. Coli (EIEC)

What is absolutely known if we see the development of cystitis or pyelonephritis caused by E. Coli? A. E. coli acquired a pili virulence factor that allowed it to travel up the urethra

E. coli acquired a pili virulence factor that allowed it to travel up the urethra

Which of the following bacteria is the most common cause of gram-negative sepsis? A. Salmonella B. E. Coli C. Neisseria gonorrhea D. Klebsiella pneumoniae

E. Coli NOTE: Klebsiella pneumoniae is the 2nd most common cause of sepsis

You are treating a **hospitalized patient** who's been suffering from **alcoholism** for a long time. They've recently developed pneumonia and have been coughing up a bloody sputum that looks like "red currant jelly". Which is most likely true of the pathogen which caused this? A. The red currant jelly sputum is the same color as the pathogens O antigen B. The pathogen does not possess an H antigen and is thus non-motile C. The pathogen has a high mortality rate despite antibiotics being available for treatment D. The pathogen is liekly Klebsiella pneumoniae E. All of the above are correct

All of the above are correct ***O**h my it looks like that alcoholic was **Kleb**bed into a **red jelly***

Which of the following members of the Enterobacteriaceae family is highly motile, grows very rapidly, is able to break down urea, and has Ags with cross reactivity with Rickettsia? A. Proteus mirabilis B. E. Coli C. Klebsiella pneumoniae D. Enterobacter

Proteus mirabilis

Serratia is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family and is most known for which of the following? A. Rapid ability to grow and breakdown urea B. Causing pneumoniae that produces a bloody sputum that resembles a red jelly C. Highly motile and part of normal flora, whose strains often carry *ampC* D. Production of very bright red pigment

* A. Rapid ability to grow and breakdown urea (Proteus mirabilis)* * B. Causing pneumoniae that produces a bloody sputum that resembles a red jelly (Klebsiella pneumoniae)* * C. Highly motile and part of normal flora, whose strains often carry ampC (Enterobacter)* **D. Production of very bright red pigment**

T/F: Shigella is always a pathogen, and NEVER normal GI flora T/F: Shigella has 4 species and they are all motile

True False; non-motile

Shigella is very similar to EIEC as they both invade intestinal epithelial cells and release Shiga toxin. However, what 3 things does Shigella not have that is used to help distinguish it from E. Coli?

No flagella No lactose fermentation No H2S

T/F: Shiga toxin works by utilizing its B subunit to bind to the microvillus membrane in the colon, so that subunit A can enter the cell and inactivate ribosome 60S leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis and eventual death of the intestinal epithelial cells

True

Between E. coli, Shigella, and Salmonella: Which is motile, lactose fermenter, and produces H2S? Which is motile, non-lactose fermenter, and produces H2S? Which is non-motile, non0lactose fermenter, and does not produce H2S?

Which is motile, lactose fermenter, and produces H2S? **E. Coli** Which is motile, non-lactose fermenter, and produces H2S? **Salmonella** Which is non-motile, non0lactose fermenter, and does not produce H2S? **Shigella**

Vi antigen is a poly-saccharide antigen just like the K antigen that surrounds the O antigen in what member of enterobactericaea family? A. E. coli B. Shigella C. Salmonella D. Klebsiella pneumoniae

Salmonella

A patient comes in complaining of fever, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. You notice rose colored spots on their lower abdomen and suspect Typhoid Fever. All of the follwoing is true of the pathogen that caused Typhoid fever Except? A. The pathogen is likely salmonella choleraesuis B. The pathogen is a Faculative Intracellular parasite C. People can harbor the pathogen in their gallbladders and become chronic carriers D. This pathogen takes a step beyond EIEC and Shigella and can invade lymph nodes

A. The pathogen is likely salmonella choleraesuis NOTE: The pathogen is likely Salmonella typhi

Systemic dissemination that leads to sepsis is usually caused by Salmonella choleraesuis and not typhi. This sepsis usually affects all of the following locations, EXCEPT? A. Bone B. Brain C. Lungs D. GI tract

GI tract NOTE: People with sickel cell anemia are particularly at risk for developing Salmonella osteomyelitis

What is the most common type of salmonella infection, out of the 4 diseases it leads to? A. Typhoid fever B. Carrier state C. Sepsis D. Diarrhea (Gastroenteritis)

Diarrhea (Gastroenteritis)

All of the following is true of Yersinia Enterocolitica, EXCEPT? A. Closely related to yersinia pestis which caused the bubonic plague through route of flea bite B. Commonly aquired through fecal-oral route via animal products C. Causes a RLQ pain that can be mistaken for appendicitis D. Examination of the terminal ileum will reveal mucosal ulceration E. All the above are correct

All the above are correct

The activities of choleragen, the exotoxin used by Vibrio chlorea, causes rice water diarrhea be increasing which of the following activities? A. Reabsorption of NaCl B. Reabsorption of K and HCO3 C. intracellular cAMP D. inactivation of G-protein

C. intracellular cAMP NOTE: Choleragen subunit B binds to the GM1 ganglioside on the intestinal epithelial cell surface and allows entry of subunit A. Subunit A binds and activates the G-protein, which promotes cAMP production intraceelularly. the intracellular cAMP promotes active and constant secretion of Chloride and Na, as well as blocks their reabsorption. Of course water follows the secreting salts, as well as potassium and HCO3.

During summer break you decided to visit Japan. While their you got some sushi and after suffered a terrible bout of diarrhea. You most likely developed gastroenteritis from which of teh following enteric members of the Vibrioonaceae family? A. Vibrio cholera B. Vibrio parahaemolyticus C. Campylobacter jejuni D. Helicobacter pylori

Vibrio parahaemolyticus NOTE: Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most common cause of diarrhea in Japan, and is a marine organism that you get from eating undercooked fish

Rotovirus, E. Coli and _______ are the 3 most common causes of diarrhea in the world. A. Vibrio cholera B. Vibrio parahaemolyticus C. Campylobacter jejuni D. Helicobacter pylori

Campylobacter jejuni

Which of the following correctly characterizes the symptoms associated with an infection of Campylobacter jejuni? A. Absent fever with chronic abdominal cramps that preeceed dark stools B. Abrupt and severe fever with nausea and vomiting C. Fever followed by abdominal cramps half a day later, and then bloody loose diarrhea D. Bloody loose diarrhea that is followed by compounding fever and headache with abdominal cramps

C. Fever followed by abdominal cramps half a day later, and then bloody loose diarrhea

T/F: H. pylori is the most common cause of duodenal and stomach ulcers

False; H. pylori is the most common cause of duodenal ulcerrs, BUT its the **2nd** most common cause of stomach ulcers behind aspirin

99% of the flora of our intestinal tract is made of obligate anaerobic gram-negative rods that comprise what family of enterics? A. Enterobacteriodaceae B. Vibrionaceae C. Pseudobacteriodaceae D. Bacteriodaceae

Bacteriodaceae

This bacteriodaceae has low virulence but complicates surgeries or accidents that involve perforation of the bowels leading to abcesses developing. This bacteria is also known for being one of the few gram-negative bacteria that does not have an endotoxin. A. Fusobacterium B. Bacteroides fragilis C. Bacteriodes melaninogenicus

Bacteroides fragilis

This bacteriodaceae produces a black pigment when placed on blood agar, and can cause necrotizing anaerobic pneumoniae following GI aspirations during seizure or a druken state. A. Fusobacterium B. Bacteroides fragilis C. Bacteriodes melaninogenicus

Bacteriodes melaninogenicus

In regards to Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, what does Wind, Water, Wounds, and Wire refer to?

How debilitated individuals are affected, and the routes through which pseudomonas aeruginosa might enter to fsu

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces which of the following smells in the wounds of those infected or agar plates? A. Oranges B. Grapes C. Chocolate D. Burnt toast

Grapes

Use the mnemonic **BE PSEUDO** to share the infections associated with pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Burns Endocarditis Pneumonia Sepsis External malignant otitis media UTI Diabetic Osteomyelitis

One of the virulence factors of Haemophilus influenzae is the polysacharide capsule made of polyribitol ribose phosphate, in which there are 6 types (a-f). Which of the following types is the "bad" one as it implicated in the development of meningitis, epiglotitis and septic arthritis in children? A. capsule A B. Capsule B C. Capsule C D. Capsule D E. Capsule E F. Capsule F

Capsule B

What are the 3 bacteria that are responsible for causing meningitis before 3 months of age? What are the 2 bacteria that cause meningitis later in life (6 months-3 years)?

What are the 3 bacteria that are responsible for causing meningitis before 3 months of age? **Listeria, E. coli, Group B strep** ***LES****s than 3 months* What are the 2 bacteria that cause meningitis later in life (6 months-3 years)? **Neisseria meningitides** **Haemophilus influenze** *did I get meningitis between the ages 6 months-3 years? **N**a**H***

Haemophilus infleuenzae type B causes what 4 diseases?

*before the vaccine H. influenzae caused **MASS** panic* Meningitis Acute epiglotitis Septic arthritis Sepsis

For which of the following disease is H. Influenzae the number cause of in infants? A. Meningitis B. Acute epiglotitis C. Septic arthritis D. Sepsis

Septic arthritis

Haemophilus ducreyi is responsible for the STI **chancroid**. All of the following include descriptions of the STIs that should be included in the DDx of chancroid, however, which of them is the correct description of chancroid? *Bonus: Name the other diseases based on the provided symptoms* A. Presence of painless, enlarged pus filled LN that appear after the primary ulcer/bilster disappears B. Presence of a painless ulcer and swollen LNs that are bilateral and painless with no pus C. Painful ulcer/blister and swollen painful pus filled LNs found unilaterally D. Painful blisters/ulcers with systemic systems like myalgias and fevers

* A. Presence of painless, enlarged pus filled LN that appear after the primary ulcer/bilster disappears- _Lymphogranuloma venerum (LGV)_* * B. Presence of a painless ulcer and swollen LNs that are bilateral and painless with no pus - _syphilus_* **C. Painful ulcer/blister and swollen painful pus filled LNs found unilaterally** *D. Painful blisters/ulcers with systemic systems like myalgias and fevers- _Herpes_*

T/F: Chancroid caused by H. ducreyi is not usually accompanied with systemic symptoms

True

Which of the following describe **clue cells** that help identify a Gardnerella vaginalis infection? A. Vaginal discharge containing vaginal epithelial cells with tiny pleomorphic bacilli with cytoplasm B. Vaginal discharge containing vaginal epithelial cells with tiny pleomorphic spiral cells with cytoplasm C. Vaginal discharge containing vaginal epithelial cells with tiny pleomorphic cocci with cytoplasm D. None of the above

A. Vaginal discharge containing vaginal epithelial cells with tiny pleomorphic bacilli with cytoplasm

What does pertussis mean? A. Violent stomping B. Violent kicking C. Violent cough D. None of the above

Violent cough Bordella pertussis is the causer of whooping cough

Which of the following virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis is thought to be directly responsible for the production of the violent cough assoc. with infection and Whooping cough? A. Pertussis toxin B. Extracytoplasmic adenylate cyclase C. Filamentous hemagglutin (FHA) D. Tracheal cytotoxin

* A. Pertussis toxin- increases cAMP* * B. Extracytoplasmic adenylate cyclase- increases cAMP* * C. Filamentous hemagglutin (FHA)- pili that allows attachment to epithelial cells* **D. Tracheal cytotoxin *- destroys the ciliated cells***

All of the following are true of Yersinia, Francisella, Brucella, and Pasturella, EXCEPT? A. All gram-positive B. All zoonotic (primarily a disease of animals) C. Very virulent and penetrate any body area they touch (usually the skin) D. All faculative intracellular organisms except 1 of them

A. All gram-positive *They are all gram **NEGATIVE*** NOTE: They are all faculative intracellular organisms except pasturella

What does boubon mean and is thus a hint for the location of lymph nodes targeted by Yersinia pestis (causer of bubonic plague)? A. Groin B. Stomach C. Breast D. Head

Groin

Francisella tularensis causes Tularemia and is most commonly acquired though contact with what? A. Rats and fleas B. Goats, cows, dogs, and pigs C. Rabbits, ticks and deerlfy D. Cat or dog bite

C. Rabbits, ticks and deerlfy NOTE: A- yersinia B- brucella D-pasteurella

All of the following are faculative intracellular organisms EXCEPT which of the following? *Hint: it is most commonly acquired through cat or dog bite.* A. Yersinia pestis B. Fancisella tularensis C. Brucella D. Pasturella

D. Pasturella

T/F: Chlamidiya and Ricketsia are gram-negative bacteria that are **faculative** intracellular parasites

False Chlamidiya and Ricketsia are gram-negative bacteria that are **obligate** intracellular parasites NOTE: Both have to steal ATP energy from the host cell, which they are able to do due to them both having ADP/ATP translocator

Unlike other gram negative bacteria, Chlamidiya is ***lacking*** which of the following? A. Outer cell membrane B. Peptidoglycan layer C. Inner cell membrane D. Literally nothing is different

Peptidoglycan layer

Chlamidia trachomatis typically infects what 3 locations on the body?

Eyes Genitals Lungs

Look at this

Noce

Comparing Chlamidiya and Rickettsia: \_\_\_\_\_\_ is spread person-to-person, and ______ is spread through an arthropod vector. \_\_\_\_\_\_ replicates freely in the cytoplasm, and _______ replicates in endosomes. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ likes columnar epithelium, and _______ has a tropism for endothelial cells that line blood vessels.

**_Chlamidia_** is spread person-to-person, and**_Rickettsia_** is spread through an arthropod vector. **_Rickettsia_** replicates freely in the cytoplasm, and **_Chlamidiya_** replicates in endosomes. **_Chlamidia_** likes columnar epithelium, and **_Rickettsia_** has a tropism for endothelial cells that line blood vessels.

Mycoplasm pneumoniae is the number one cause of self-limited bronchitis in which age group? A. Neonates B. Pediatrics C. Young Adults and teens D. Adults over 50

Young Adults and teens