Bacteria: Common; Structure; Function

Question 1

Gram positive cocci:

1. ) Staphylcoccus aureus: % asymptomatic carriers? Diseases? (3) 2 types of resistance? One that is emmerging? Adherence? Tissue damage by? Protect itself how? 3 related diseases?
2. ) Staph epidemidis: Also called? Found where? Create what? Adheres to? Ex? (3)
3. ) Streptococci: Group A? Disease associated? B hemolytic? Lancefield groups? Self limiting? Key virulance factor? Does what? Can lead to what conditions? (2)
   - Strep pneumoniae: Shape? Found where? Leads to? (4) Evade how?
   - Group D strep? Found where? Sometimes found with?
   - Infective carditis bugs? (3)

Answer 1

• 30%; cutaneous infections, pneumonia, toxicogenic infections; penicillin, methicillan (MRSA); VRSA; fibronectin binding protein; alpha toxin; wall off; Scalded skin, toxic shock, food poisoning
• Coagulase neg. staph; normal skin; slimy glycocalyx film; foreign bodies; heart valves; prostheses, catheters
• Strep pyogenes; pharyngitis (strep); yes; yes; yes; M protein –> reduced C3B on surface; rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis
• Diplococci; normal UR tract; MOPS = menin, otits media, pneumonia, sinusitis; antiphaogocytic poly sac. capsule
• Faecalis/faecium; normal gut flora; UTI’s
• CNS, staph auereus; viridians strep

Question 2

Gram positive rods:

• Most from what family? Form? Anaerobes?
  1. ) C. diff: Picked up where? Produce toxin a and b called? Resistant to? Alcohol sanitizers? Epidemics in? Often form how?
  2. ) C. tetani: Found where? Retrograde transport to block what?
  3. ) C. botulinim: Found where? Preformed toxin in? Block what?
  4: C. Prefringens: Often with what infections? Toxin?
• Other anaerobe? Tolerant of? Virulance? Niches? (4) Effective antibiotic?

Answer 2

• Clostridium genus; spores; strict anaerobes
• nosocomial; enterotoxin and cytotoxin; many antibiotics; don’t kill; hospitals; super antigens
• soil/animals; block interneurons
• soil/animals; food; Ach at NMJ
• Wound; alpha
• Bacteriodes fragilis; air; capsule SO dismutase; mouth, colon, skin, genital tract; metronidazole

Question 3

Gram negative rods:
1.) E. Coli: Many what? Found where? Contract via? Travelers diarrhea? Other infections? (2)
2.) Pseudonoma aeruginosa: Common where? Common with what? Seen in these patients? Protected where?
Gram negative diplococci:
1.) N. Gonorrhea: Can lead to what in kids? Key to avoidance? Infections sites in females? Males?
Special groups:
1.) Intracellular bacteria? Present with?
2.) No cell walls? Adheres to what? Not effective med?

Answer 3

• Strains; normal gut; contaminated food/water; ETEC; UTI/ abdominal infections
• environment; burns; CF; macs in visceral lung secretions
• Blindness; pili interfere with neutrophils killing; cervix, urethra, f tubes; often no symptoms
• Chlamidyia trachmatis, conjunctiva infections, genital infections
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae; respiratory epithelial walls; penicillans

Question 4

• Bacteria Structure:
• Shapes: Rod is called? Long rod? Pac man? Spiral? circular spiral?
• 3 intracellular proteins? Eucharyote similarity? Role?
• Capsules made of? Resist what?
• Flagella used for? Counter clock? Clockwise?
• Role of pili? (2)
• e- transport located where?
• Cytoplasm ribosome? Type of mRNA? Meaning? Metabolism occurs where?
• Nucleoid: What is coupled? Bacteriophage is what?

Answer 4

• Bacillus; fusiform bacillus; vibriform; spirillum; spirochete
• ftsZ (tubulin) = division; mreB (actin) = shape/polarity/chrom seg; Cres (IF) = shape
• polysaccarides; resist phago
• chemotaxis; swimming; tumbling
• Adherence, conjugation od ssDNA
• Cyto membrane
• 70s; polycistronic, multiple proteins per mRNA; cytoplasm
• translation/transcription; viral material into DNA

Question 5

• Gram positive: Acids linking to cyto membrane? (2)
• Gram negative: LPS located where? 3 parts?
• 4 parts of growth chart?
• Heterotrophic? Autotrophic? Fastidious? Aerobes have what to deal with H2O2? Killed be 02? Strict ana do what? Indifferent? Faculative? microaerophillic?
• Energy currency? (2) Membrane ATPase does what?
• Fermentation net oxidative change? What for energy?
• Respiration gets ATP via? Final acceptor? Can it be anaerobic? How?
• 5 selective toxicities?
• Infection?
• Infectious disease?
• Pathogenecity? 2 types?
• Virulance?

Answer 5

• techoic, lipotechoic
• outer leaflet; endotoxin (lipid a), core polysaccharide, o side chain oligosac
• lag, ex. growth, stationary, death
• obtain carbon from organic source, carbon from CO2, difficient in some met pathway, SOD; anaerobes; ferment; ferment with or no O2; ferment with no O2 or respire with it; like a little O2
• ATP and proton motive force; protons in to form ATP and protons out to form ADP
• No change; organic compds
• e- transport; O2; yes; nitrate is final acceptor
• cell wall; outer cyto membrane; inhibit protein synthesis; inhibit nucleic acid syntheis; inhibit metabolic pathways
• microbe enters relationship (may not be disease)
• Microbe causes disease
• Ability to cause disease; frank/opportunistic
• Degree of pathogenicity

Question 6

• Kochs postulate: Specific microbes lead to? Microbes can be grown? Injection leads to? Can then be? Limitations?
• Stages: Encounter types? (3) How agent enters host? (3) Spread means? Multiplication implication? Damage types? (2) Outcome means?
• Immune mechanism is dependent on?
• Paradigms: Non invasive? Invasive? Example of growth in phagocytes? Example of pathology via immune response?

Answer 6

• char. lesions; in vitro; disease; re isolated; yes
• endogenous/exo/injection; invasive, colinization, adherence; how it spreads from initial site; has to exceed clearance; aggresins (hurt host), impedins (block response); who wins
• In or out of the cell
• Toxin mediated (chlorera); EC bacteria create acute inflammation; TB IC bacteria; Rheumatic fever