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Bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is legionella pneumophilia found?

A

Freshwater ecosystems such as rivers and lakes, human water systems

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2
Q

How does one contract legionella pneumophilia?

A

Aspirates water which contains the bacterium

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3
Q

Presentation of legionella pneumophilia?

A

fever, cough, chills, muscle ache

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4
Q

Is legionella pneumophilia transmitted from person to person?

A

Not usually

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5
Q

Who gets sick with legionella pneumophilia?

A

people over 50, smokers, people with COPD, immunocompromised patients

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6
Q

Where is klebsiella pneumonia found?

A

Naturally in the human gut biome

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7
Q

How is klebsiella pneumonia spread?

A

Through contact with the contaminated object

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8
Q

If klebsiella pneumonia leads to bacterial pneumonia what are the symptoms?

A

shaking, chills, fever, dyspnea, blood in sputum

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9
Q

What does a legionella pneumophilia x-ray look like?

A

Normal pneumonia x-ray

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10
Q

What does a klebsiella pneumonia look like?

A

Bulging CXR of horizontal fissure

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11
Q

What is the second most common bacteria causing UTI?

A

Klebsiella pneumonia

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12
Q

When does the textbook manifestation of klebsiella pneumonia occur?

A

Alcoholism

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13
Q

What is a severe outcome of klebsiella pneumonia?

A

Pulmonary necrosis (lung gangrene)

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14
Q

Legionella pneumophilia can live in the biofilm of what bacteria?

A

Klebsiella pneumonia

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15
Q

What is the normal vaginal pH?

A

3.8-4.5

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16
Q

Infections with Gardnerella vaginalis lead to what vaginal pH?

A

> 4.5

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17
Q

What type of cells are associated with Gardnerella vaginalis?

A

clue cells

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18
Q

Clue cells are associate with which bacteria?

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

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19
Q

Is Gardnerella vaginalis an STD?

A

No

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20
Q

What disease does gardnerella vaginalis cause?

A

bacterial vaginosis

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21
Q

What does the vaginal discharge of gardnerella vaginalis look like?

A

frothy gray or yellow/green

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22
Q

What bacteria causes a fish like vaginal odor?

A

gardnerella vaginalis, trichomonas vaginalis

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23
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis leads to a vaginal pH of?

A

> 5.4

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24
Q

How does transmission of trichomonas vaginalis occur?

A

sexual intercourse

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25
Q

What is the presentation of trichomonas vaginalis?

A

yellowish discharge with fishy odor, strawberry cervix

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26
Q

How is staphylococcus aureus transmitted?

A

skin to skin contact, contaminated objects

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27
Q

Manifestations of staphylococcus aureus?

A

pus, boils, furuncles (boil), abscess, crust, red/swollen/painful

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28
Q

What can staphylococcus aureus progress to?

A

cellulitis, folliculitis, impetigo, endocarditis

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29
Q

What is methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus?

A

Resistant to penicillin-based antibiotics

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30
Q

Where is pseudomonas aeruginosa found?

A

hospital setting

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31
Q

How is pseudomonas aeruginosa spread?

A

touch, unclean surfaces, moist catheters, breathing tubes

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32
Q

How do healthy people contract pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

swimming in under-chlorinated pools, lakes, inadequately cleaned contact lenses

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33
Q

What are the mainifestations of pseudomonas aeruginosa in the hospital?

A

pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis, endocarditis

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34
Q

What are the manifestations of pseudomonas aeruginosa in healthy people?

A

otitis/swimmer’s ear, eye infections, skin rashes (erythema, abscesses, cellulitis, pus)

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35
Q

What is the primary cause of pasteurella multocida?

A

dog and cat bites/scratch/licks

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36
Q

Where is pasteurella multocida found in animals?

A

upper respiratory tracts

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37
Q

What are symptoms of pasteurella multocida?

A

pus, swelling, erythema, cellulitis, chills/fever

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38
Q

What conditions can pasteurella multocida lead to?

A

pasteurella multocida meningitis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis

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39
Q

Where are clostridium tetani spores found?

A

warm, damp climates within soil

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40
Q

Where do clostridium tetani spores germinate?

A

in wounds or regions without oxygen

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41
Q

What virulence factor of clostridium tetani causes disease?

A

tetanospasmin

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42
Q

What’s the incubation period of clostridium tetani?

A

3-21 days

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43
Q

What does clostridium tetani cause?

A

tetanus

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44
Q

What symptoms coincide with clostridium tetani?

A

painful muscular contractions in neck and masseter, abdominal rigidity

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45
Q

What is the only infectious disease that is not contagious that has a vaccine?

A

Clostridium tetani

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46
Q

What are long-term complications of tetanus?

A

HTN, nosocomial infections, aspiration pneumonia, death

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47
Q

What are the four clinical types of clostridium tetani?

A

generalized, localized, cephalic, neonatal

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48
Q

What’s the most common clinical type of clostridium tetani?

A

generalized

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49
Q

What is the first symptom of generalized clostridium tetani?

A

lockjaw

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50
Q

Where is generalized clostridium tetani localized?

A

toxins go through lymphatic and vascular system and is widespread

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51
Q

Where is localized clostridium tetani localized?

A

muscle rigidity only in site of injury

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52
Q

What does cephalic clostridium tetani impact?

A

affects cranial nerves, muscles of face

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53
Q

What’s the most potent toxin known to human-kind?

A

clostridium botulinum

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54
Q

What is the most common way for an infant to get clostridium botulinum?

A

from honey and other foods

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55
Q

How do you get clostridium botulinum from food?

A

incorrect food preservation

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56
Q

What are the three ways to get clostridium botulinum?

A

infant, foodborne, wound (drug injection)

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57
Q

What’s the first sign of infant clostridium botulinum

A

constipation

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58
Q

Presentation of infant clostridium botulinum

A

constipation, floppy baby, paralysis, dropping eyelids, irritable, weak suck/cry, tired

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59
Q

What is the presentation of foodborne clostridium botulinum

A

double/blurred vision, nasua, vomiting, cramps, weak muscles, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, constipation, dry mouth, reduced/absent tendon rxn

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60
Q

What is the presentation of wound clostridium botulinum?

A

double/blurred vision, bilateral facial weakness, paralysis, drooping eyelids, difficulty to swallow and speak, difficulty breathing

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61
Q

Is clostridum botulinum spread from person to person?

A

No

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62
Q

Both clostridium botulinum and clostridum tetani can produce?

A

neurotoxins

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63
Q

What are the main motor differences between clostridium botulinum and clostridium tetani?

A

C. tetani: tightness and muscle contractions

C. botulinum: paralysis and weakness

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64
Q

What disease does borreli burgdorferi cause?

A

Lyme disease

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65
Q

How is borrelia burgdorferi transmitted to humans?

A

ticks

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66
Q

How long does a tick have to be attached to you to transmit borrelia burgdorferi?

A

36-48 hours

67
Q

What can be see on a patient infected with borrelia burgdorferi?

A

erythema migrans (bullseye)

68
Q

What type of tick transmits borrelia burgodorferi?

A

blacklegged ticks

69
Q

What is an area prone to borrelia burgdorferi?

A

Northeaster and midwest US

70
Q

Treponema pallidum is responsible for what condition?

A

Syphilis

71
Q

How many phases does syphilis have?

A

3

72
Q

Incubation period for primary syphilis?

A

10-90 days

73
Q

Symptoms of primary syphilis?

A

asymptomatic, hard/painless lesion at site of infection called chancre

74
Q

Onset of secondary syphilis?

A

2-24 weeks after infection

75
Q

Secondary syphilis is what stage?

A

disseminated stage (bacteria traveling to other tissues)

76
Q

Symptoms of secondary syphilis?

A

rash on hands and feet, achy

77
Q

Tertiary syphilis can present up to x years after infection?

A

30

78
Q

Symptoms of tertiary syphilis?

A

impaired balance, incontinence, impotence

79
Q

Which stage of syphilis is thought to not be contagious?

A

Tertiary syphilis

80
Q

How is rickettsia rickettsii transmitted to humans?

A

ticks

81
Q

Where is rickettsia rickettsii most common?

A

Southern USA

82
Q

rickettsia rickettsii is responsible for what disease?

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

83
Q

What distinct symptoms are associated with rickettsia rickettsii?

A

Rash: centripetal (extremities to trunk), maculopapular (flat and raised skin lesions), purpura and petechiae

84
Q

The rash characteristic of rickettsia rickettsii usually develops x days after fever?

A

2-5 days

85
Q

What is the reservoir of salmonella typhi?

A

No known reservoir outside the human body

86
Q

Where is salmonella typhi carried?

A

bloodstream and the intestinal tract

87
Q

Carriers and those who are sick shed Salmonella typhi in their?

A

stool

88
Q

How is salmonella typhi spread?

A

eating or drinking from contaminated sources with fecal matter

89
Q

Symptoms of typhoid fever?

A

high and sustained fever (103-104), loss of appetite, severe fatigue, stomach pains, muscle weakness, diarrhea, constipation, headache, rash (flat with rose-colored spots)

90
Q

Is typhoid fever common in the US?

A

No

91
Q

How is shigella dysenteriae spread?

A

transmitted from the ingestion of fecal matter containing the bacteria (food/water)

92
Q

Clinical manifestations of shigella dysenteriae?

A

diarrhea (sometimes bloody), fever, stomach pain, nausea/vomiting

93
Q

Shigella dysenteriae is associated with what disease?

A

Shigellosis

94
Q

Symptoms of shigellosis initially present x days after initial infection?

A

1-3 days

95
Q

On average symptoms of shigellosis last?

A

5-7 days

96
Q

Fecal matter of shigellosis is contagious for up to x after symptoms subside?

A

2 weeks

97
Q

What is the biggest concern with shigellosis?

A

fluid loss

98
Q

Where does clostridium difficile infect?

A

GI tract, specifically colon

99
Q

clostridium difficile infection often results from?

A

antibiotic therapy

100
Q

How can clostridium difficile spread?

A

ingesting spores (fecal-oral)

101
Q

What are the symptoms of clostridium difficile ?

A

watery diarrhea (3+ times a day), abdominal cramping, tenderness

102
Q

How is listeria monocytogenes transmitted?

A

contaminated food and water (especially milk based foods)

103
Q

Symptoms associated with listeria monocytogenes

A

fever, chills, severe headache, vomiting, flu-like symptoms, diarrhea

104
Q

Pregnant women are x times more likely to get infected with listeria monocytogenes

A

10x

105
Q

listeria monocytogenes can cause what in pregnant women?

A

miscarriages, stillbirths, preterm labor, can spread to newborn

106
Q

People over 65 are x times more likely to get infected with listeria monocytogenes

A

4x

107
Q

Patients with cancer are x times more likely to get infected with listeria monocytogenes

A

10x

108
Q

Patients on dialysis are x times more likely to get infected wtih listeria monocytogenes

A

50x

109
Q

What is one of the most common intestinal parasites found globally?

A

Giardia lamblia

110
Q

Where is Giardia lamblia found?

A

fecally contaminated water/food

111
Q

Giardia lamblia is also known as?

A

Beaver Fever

112
Q

symptoms of Giardia lamblia occur how long after exposure?

A

9-15 days

113
Q

Symptoms of Giardia lamblia

A

majority asymptomatic, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, vomitting, blood in stool, fever

114
Q

How do you contract helicobacter pylori?

A

from food, water, fecal-oral transmission, utensils

115
Q

helicobacter pylori causes

A

ulcers

116
Q

Symptoms of helicobacter pylori?

A

dull or burning pain in belly (felt more when stomach is empty), nausea, vomiting, loss of hunger, severe sharp stomach pain, stool that’s dark red or black, heartburn

117
Q

What serious thing can helicobacter pylori cause?

A

stomach cancer

118
Q

Giardia is a parasite that can be the cause of?

A

traveler’s diarrhea

119
Q

What is the most frequently reported bacterial STI in the US?

A

Chlamydia

120
Q

If chlamydia is left untreated it can cause?

A

trachoma which results in blindness

121
Q

If gonorrhea goes untreated it can cause?

A

formation of scar tissue on the fallopian tubes, ectopic pregnancy, and spread to blood and joints

122
Q

Male symptoms of chlamydia:

A

urethritis, watery discharge, dysuria, epididymitis

123
Q

Female symptoms of chlamydia:

A

cervicitis, urethritis

124
Q

Male symptoms of gonorrhea:

A

burning sensation when urinating, frequent urination, white/yellow/green discharge, swollen testicles

125
Q

Female symptoms of gonorrhea:

A

painful or burning sensation when urinating, increased vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding, PID

126
Q

What is the most common symptom of mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

Cough

127
Q

What is the most common extra-pulmonary complication of mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

CNS manifestations like encephalitis

128
Q

Bordetella pertussis causes?

A

whooping cough

129
Q

What is the most common pathotype of escherichia coli?

A

enterotoxigenic e. coli

130
Q

Escherichia coli is the leading cause of?

A

traveler’s diarrhea

131
Q

Escherichia coli is the major cause of diarrhea disease in what areas?

A

lower income areas

132
Q

How is escherichia coli transmitted?

A

food or water contaminated with animal or human feces

133
Q

Clinical manifestations of escherichia coli?

A

profuse, water diarrhea, abdominal cramping

134
Q

Onset of E. coli?

A

1-3 days after exposure

135
Q

Duration of E.coli?

A

3-7 days with symptoms rarely lasting more than 3 weeks

136
Q

Common transmission routes of yersinia enterocolitica?

A

raw/undercooked pork, unpasteurized milk, contaminated water, contact with infected animal/feces, changing diaper of infected baby

137
Q

yersinia enterocolitica symptoms develop how long after exposure?

A

4-7 days

138
Q

Symptoms of yersinia enterocolitica in children?

A

diarrhea (sometimes bloody), fever, abdominal pain

139
Q

Symptoms of yersinia enterocolitica in adults?

A

diarrhea, fever, right sided abdominal pain

140
Q

Transmission of campylobacter jejuni?

A

consumption of raw or undercooked poultry, including cross contamination, unpasteurized dairy products, contaminated water

141
Q

What months is campylobacter jejuni more common?

A

summer

142
Q

Symptoms of campylobacter jejuni?

A

profuse water diarrhea (sometimes bloody), cramping, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, fever

143
Q

Onset of campylobacter jejuni?

A

2-5 days after exposure

144
Q

Duration of campylobacter jejuni?

A

2-3 days, however can take up to 10 days

145
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical manifestations?

A

pneumococcal pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, acute otitis media, bacterial conjunctivitis, sinus infections

146
Q

What expectorant is common with Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

rusty sputum

147
Q

Where do streptococcus pygoenes infections usually begin?

A

throat and skin

148
Q

How is streptococcus pygoenes spread?

A

respiratory droplets and skin to skin contact

149
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes is most commonly manifested as?

A

strep throat

150
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes clinical manifestations?

A

strep throat, impetigo (purulent lesions on skin), scarlet fever (strawberry rash of skin and tongue), necrotizing fascititis

151
Q

Throat color of C. diptheriae?

A

gray

152
Q

Throat color of s. pygoenes?

A

red throat

153
Q

Where is moraxella catarrhalis found?

A

commensal in upper respiratory tract of humans

154
Q

Where is s. pyogenes found?

A

normal human flora

155
Q

How is moraxella catarrhalis spread?

A

person to person via droplet infection from sputum

156
Q

moraxella catarrhalis commonly causes?

A

otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis

157
Q

Where is haemophilus influenzae found?

A

commensal organism of the nose and throat

158
Q

How is haemophilus influenzae spread?

A

direct contact and respiratory droplets

159
Q

haemophilus influenzae commonly causes?

A

meningitis, pneumonia, bacteremia

160
Q

What does meningitis from haemophilus influenzae look like?

A

lethargic, irritable babies and abnormal reflexes in children

161
Q

How many people carry neisseria meningitidis in nose/throat with no symptoms?

A

1/10

162
Q

How is neisseria meningitidis spread?

A

respiratory/throat secretions, kissing, coughing, prolonged exposure

163
Q

WHo is at high risk for neisseria meningitidis

A

<1 years old, 16-23 yo, travel to sub-saharan africa

164
Q

Conditions related to neisseria meningitidis

A

meningococcal meningitis, meningococcal septicemia

Clinical Science (7 decks)

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