Bacteria Flashcards
Where is legionella pneumophilia found?
Freshwater ecosystems such as rivers and lakes, human water systems
How does one contract legionella pneumophilia?
Aspirates water which contains the bacterium
Presentation of legionella pneumophilia?
fever, cough, chills, muscle ache
Is legionella pneumophilia transmitted from person to person?
Not usually
Who gets sick with legionella pneumophilia?
people over 50, smokers, people with COPD, immunocompromised patients
Where is klebsiella pneumonia found?
Naturally in the human gut biome
How is klebsiella pneumonia spread?
Through contact with the contaminated object
If klebsiella pneumonia leads to bacterial pneumonia what are the symptoms?
shaking, chills, fever, dyspnea, blood in sputum
What does a legionella pneumophilia x-ray look like?
Normal pneumonia x-ray
What does a klebsiella pneumonia look like?
Bulging CXR of horizontal fissure
What is the second most common bacteria causing UTI?
Klebsiella pneumonia
When does the textbook manifestation of klebsiella pneumonia occur?
Alcoholism
What is a severe outcome of klebsiella pneumonia?
Pulmonary necrosis (lung gangrene)
Legionella pneumophilia can live in the biofilm of what bacteria?
Klebsiella pneumonia
What is the normal vaginal pH?
3.8-4.5
Infections with Gardnerella vaginalis lead to what vaginal pH?
> 4.5
What type of cells are associated with Gardnerella vaginalis?
clue cells
Clue cells are associate with which bacteria?
Gardnerella vaginalis
Is Gardnerella vaginalis an STD?
No
What disease does gardnerella vaginalis cause?
bacterial vaginosis
What does the vaginal discharge of gardnerella vaginalis look like?
frothy gray or yellow/green
What bacteria causes a fish like vaginal odor?
gardnerella vaginalis, trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis leads to a vaginal pH of?
> 5.4
How does transmission of trichomonas vaginalis occur?
sexual intercourse
What is the presentation of trichomonas vaginalis?
yellowish discharge with fishy odor, strawberry cervix
How is staphylococcus aureus transmitted?
skin to skin contact, contaminated objects
Manifestations of staphylococcus aureus?
pus, boils, furuncles (boil), abscess, crust, red/swollen/painful
What can staphylococcus aureus progress to?
cellulitis, folliculitis, impetigo, endocarditis
What is methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus?
Resistant to penicillin-based antibiotics
Where is pseudomonas aeruginosa found?
hospital setting
How is pseudomonas aeruginosa spread?
touch, unclean surfaces, moist catheters, breathing tubes
How do healthy people contract pseudomonas aeruginosa?
swimming in under-chlorinated pools, lakes, inadequately cleaned contact lenses
What are the mainifestations of pseudomonas aeruginosa in the hospital?
pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis, endocarditis
What are the manifestations of pseudomonas aeruginosa in healthy people?
otitis/swimmer’s ear, eye infections, skin rashes (erythema, abscesses, cellulitis, pus)
What is the primary cause of pasteurella multocida?
dog and cat bites/scratch/licks
Where is pasteurella multocida found in animals?
upper respiratory tracts
What are symptoms of pasteurella multocida?
pus, swelling, erythema, cellulitis, chills/fever
What conditions can pasteurella multocida lead to?
pasteurella multocida meningitis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis
Where are clostridium tetani spores found?
warm, damp climates within soil
Where do clostridium tetani spores germinate?
in wounds or regions without oxygen
What virulence factor of clostridium tetani causes disease?
tetanospasmin
What’s the incubation period of clostridium tetani?
3-21 days
What does clostridium tetani cause?
tetanus
What symptoms coincide with clostridium tetani?
painful muscular contractions in neck and masseter, abdominal rigidity
What is the only infectious disease that is not contagious that has a vaccine?
Clostridium tetani
What are long-term complications of tetanus?
HTN, nosocomial infections, aspiration pneumonia, death
What are the four clinical types of clostridium tetani?
generalized, localized, cephalic, neonatal
What’s the most common clinical type of clostridium tetani?
generalized
What is the first symptom of generalized clostridium tetani?
lockjaw
Where is generalized clostridium tetani localized?
toxins go through lymphatic and vascular system and is widespread
Where is localized clostridium tetani localized?
muscle rigidity only in site of injury
What does cephalic clostridium tetani impact?
affects cranial nerves, muscles of face
What’s the most potent toxin known to human-kind?
clostridium botulinum
What is the most common way for an infant to get clostridium botulinum?
from honey and other foods
How do you get clostridium botulinum from food?
incorrect food preservation
What are the three ways to get clostridium botulinum?
infant, foodborne, wound (drug injection)
What’s the first sign of infant clostridium botulinum
constipation
Presentation of infant clostridium botulinum
constipation, floppy baby, paralysis, dropping eyelids, irritable, weak suck/cry, tired
What is the presentation of foodborne clostridium botulinum
double/blurred vision, nasua, vomiting, cramps, weak muscles, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, constipation, dry mouth, reduced/absent tendon rxn
What is the presentation of wound clostridium botulinum?
double/blurred vision, bilateral facial weakness, paralysis, drooping eyelids, difficulty to swallow and speak, difficulty breathing
Is clostridum botulinum spread from person to person?
No
Both clostridium botulinum and clostridum tetani can produce?
neurotoxins
What are the main motor differences between clostridium botulinum and clostridium tetani?
C. tetani: tightness and muscle contractions
C. botulinum: paralysis and weakness
What disease does borreli burgdorferi cause?
Lyme disease
How is borrelia burgdorferi transmitted to humans?
ticks
How long does a tick have to be attached to you to transmit borrelia burgdorferi?
36-48 hours
What can be see on a patient infected with borrelia burgdorferi?
erythema migrans (bullseye)
What type of tick transmits borrelia burgodorferi?
blacklegged ticks
What is an area prone to borrelia burgdorferi?
Northeaster and midwest US
Treponema pallidum is responsible for what condition?
Syphilis
How many phases does syphilis have?
3
Incubation period for primary syphilis?
10-90 days
Symptoms of primary syphilis?
asymptomatic, hard/painless lesion at site of infection called chancre
Onset of secondary syphilis?
2-24 weeks after infection
Secondary syphilis is what stage?
disseminated stage (bacteria traveling to other tissues)
Symptoms of secondary syphilis?
rash on hands and feet, achy
Tertiary syphilis can present up to x years after infection?
30
Symptoms of tertiary syphilis?
impaired balance, incontinence, impotence
Which stage of syphilis is thought to not be contagious?
Tertiary syphilis
How is rickettsia rickettsii transmitted to humans?
ticks
Where is rickettsia rickettsii most common?
Southern USA
rickettsia rickettsii is responsible for what disease?
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
What distinct symptoms are associated with rickettsia rickettsii?
Rash: centripetal (extremities to trunk), maculopapular (flat and raised skin lesions), purpura and petechiae
The rash characteristic of rickettsia rickettsii usually develops x days after fever?
2-5 days
What is the reservoir of salmonella typhi?
No known reservoir outside the human body
Where is salmonella typhi carried?
bloodstream and the intestinal tract
Carriers and those who are sick shed Salmonella typhi in their?
stool
How is salmonella typhi spread?
eating or drinking from contaminated sources with fecal matter
Symptoms of typhoid fever?
high and sustained fever (103-104), loss of appetite, severe fatigue, stomach pains, muscle weakness, diarrhea, constipation, headache, rash (flat with rose-colored spots)
Is typhoid fever common in the US?
No
How is shigella dysenteriae spread?
transmitted from the ingestion of fecal matter containing the bacteria (food/water)
Clinical manifestations of shigella dysenteriae?
diarrhea (sometimes bloody), fever, stomach pain, nausea/vomiting
Shigella dysenteriae is associated with what disease?
Shigellosis
Symptoms of shigellosis initially present x days after initial infection?
1-3 days
On average symptoms of shigellosis last?
5-7 days
Fecal matter of shigellosis is contagious for up to x after symptoms subside?
2 weeks
What is the biggest concern with shigellosis?
fluid loss
Where does clostridium difficile infect?
GI tract, specifically colon
clostridium difficile infection often results from?
antibiotic therapy
How can clostridium difficile spread?
ingesting spores (fecal-oral)
What are the symptoms of clostridium difficile ?
watery diarrhea (3+ times a day), abdominal cramping, tenderness
How is listeria monocytogenes transmitted?
contaminated food and water (especially milk based foods)
Symptoms associated with listeria monocytogenes
fever, chills, severe headache, vomiting, flu-like symptoms, diarrhea
Pregnant women are x times more likely to get infected with listeria monocytogenes
10x
listeria monocytogenes can cause what in pregnant women?
miscarriages, stillbirths, preterm labor, can spread to newborn
People over 65 are x times more likely to get infected with listeria monocytogenes
4x
Patients with cancer are x times more likely to get infected with listeria monocytogenes
10x
Patients on dialysis are x times more likely to get infected wtih listeria monocytogenes
50x
What is one of the most common intestinal parasites found globally?
Giardia lamblia
Where is Giardia lamblia found?
fecally contaminated water/food
Giardia lamblia is also known as?
Beaver Fever
symptoms of Giardia lamblia occur how long after exposure?
9-15 days
Symptoms of Giardia lamblia
majority asymptomatic, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, vomitting, blood in stool, fever
How do you contract helicobacter pylori?
from food, water, fecal-oral transmission, utensils
helicobacter pylori causes
ulcers
Symptoms of helicobacter pylori?
dull or burning pain in belly (felt more when stomach is empty), nausea, vomiting, loss of hunger, severe sharp stomach pain, stool that’s dark red or black, heartburn
What serious thing can helicobacter pylori cause?
stomach cancer
Giardia is a parasite that can be the cause of?
traveler’s diarrhea
What is the most frequently reported bacterial STI in the US?
Chlamydia
If chlamydia is left untreated it can cause?
trachoma which results in blindness
If gonorrhea goes untreated it can cause?
formation of scar tissue on the fallopian tubes, ectopic pregnancy, and spread to blood and joints
Male symptoms of chlamydia:
urethritis, watery discharge, dysuria, epididymitis
Female symptoms of chlamydia:
cervicitis, urethritis
Male symptoms of gonorrhea:
burning sensation when urinating, frequent urination, white/yellow/green discharge, swollen testicles
Female symptoms of gonorrhea:
painful or burning sensation when urinating, increased vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding, PID
What is the most common symptom of mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Cough
What is the most common extra-pulmonary complication of mycoplasma pneumoniae?
CNS manifestations like encephalitis
Bordetella pertussis causes?
whooping cough
What is the most common pathotype of escherichia coli?
enterotoxigenic e. coli
Escherichia coli is the leading cause of?
traveler’s diarrhea
Escherichia coli is the major cause of diarrhea disease in what areas?
lower income areas
How is escherichia coli transmitted?
food or water contaminated with animal or human feces
Clinical manifestations of escherichia coli?
profuse, water diarrhea, abdominal cramping
Onset of E. coli?
1-3 days after exposure
Duration of E.coli?
3-7 days with symptoms rarely lasting more than 3 weeks
Common transmission routes of yersinia enterocolitica?
raw/undercooked pork, unpasteurized milk, contaminated water, contact with infected animal/feces, changing diaper of infected baby
yersinia enterocolitica symptoms develop how long after exposure?
4-7 days
Symptoms of yersinia enterocolitica in children?
diarrhea (sometimes bloody), fever, abdominal pain
Symptoms of yersinia enterocolitica in adults?
diarrhea, fever, right sided abdominal pain
Transmission of campylobacter jejuni?
consumption of raw or undercooked poultry, including cross contamination, unpasteurized dairy products, contaminated water
What months is campylobacter jejuni more common?
summer
Symptoms of campylobacter jejuni?
profuse water diarrhea (sometimes bloody), cramping, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, fever
Onset of campylobacter jejuni?
2-5 days after exposure
Duration of campylobacter jejuni?
2-3 days, however can take up to 10 days
Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical manifestations?
pneumococcal pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, acute otitis media, bacterial conjunctivitis, sinus infections
What expectorant is common with Streptococcus pneumoniae?
rusty sputum
Where do streptococcus pygoenes infections usually begin?
throat and skin
How is streptococcus pygoenes spread?
respiratory droplets and skin to skin contact
Streptococcus pyogenes is most commonly manifested as?
strep throat
Streptococcus pyogenes clinical manifestations?
strep throat, impetigo (purulent lesions on skin), scarlet fever (strawberry rash of skin and tongue), necrotizing fascititis
Throat color of C. diptheriae?
gray
Throat color of s. pygoenes?
red throat
Where is moraxella catarrhalis found?
commensal in upper respiratory tract of humans
Where is s. pyogenes found?
normal human flora
How is moraxella catarrhalis spread?
person to person via droplet infection from sputum
moraxella catarrhalis commonly causes?
otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis
Where is haemophilus influenzae found?
commensal organism of the nose and throat
How is haemophilus influenzae spread?
direct contact and respiratory droplets
haemophilus influenzae commonly causes?
meningitis, pneumonia, bacteremia
What does meningitis from haemophilus influenzae look like?
lethargic, irritable babies and abnormal reflexes in children
How many people carry neisseria meningitidis in nose/throat with no symptoms?
1/10
How is neisseria meningitidis spread?
respiratory/throat secretions, kissing, coughing, prolonged exposure
WHo is at high risk for neisseria meningitidis
<1 years old, 16-23 yo, travel to sub-saharan africa
Conditions related to neisseria meningitidis
meningococcal meningitis, meningococcal septicemia
