BACTE STAINING-CONTROLS Flashcards
- Directed towards coloring the cells’ shape/forms.
simple staining
example of simple staining
methylene blue
— Divide bacteria → separate groups
differential staining
— Directed towards coloring the elements’ components.
differential staining
examples of differential staining
gram staining
AFB staining
differential staining steps
primary stain > mordant > decolorizing agnet > secondary stain/counterstain
GRAM STAIN
— #____________
— Primary stain: __________
— Secondary stain: __________
— Mordant: __________
— Decolorizing agent:__________
differential stain
crystal violet
safranin
iodine
acetone OH
cell effects of crystal violet
purple or blue
cell effects of iodine
remain purple/blue
cell effects of acetic OH
gram +: purple or blue
gram -: colorless
cell effects of safranin:
gram +: purple or blue
gram -: pink or red
all cocci= gram [+/-]
except__________ [+specific 2:]
gram [+]
neisseria
veilonella
branhamella
all bacilli= gram [+/-]
except [1O]
arcanobacterium
bacillus
clostridium
corynebacterium
listeria
mycobaterium
nocardia
streptomyces
erysipelothrix
trophyrema whipplei
— Anionic dyes with ANODE groups that adhere → STAINS to CATHODE molecules.
Acidic dyes
acidic dyes example
acid fuchsin
eosin
— Cationic dyes with CATHODE groups that adhere → STAINS to ANODE molecules [nucleic acids, proteins].
basic dyes
basic dyes
methylene blue
malachite green
crystal violet
safranin
WHY GRAM-POSITIVE BECOME GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA?
[main reason]
Heads-up
HEADS-UP
— Removal of ______ [X]
* ______cells- these cells may lose their
ability to [X]retain strains
— Antibiotic-treated bacterial
cells have [Reaction]
— Using ______________ [during staining]
— Due to a _________ error or the wrong use of __________
MgRNA
Old/Autolyzing/Dying cells
Atypical stain rxn
acidic iodine
technical
stains
3 EXCEPTION IN GRAM STAINING
Organisms that _______________
[Bacteria]
Organisms that _____________
[2 Bacterias]
Organisms with __________ to be resolved by __________
[Bacteria]
Chlamydia
mycoplasma, Ureaplasma
insufficient dimension
LM
Spirochetes
—- Used to stain bacteria that have high lipid contents in their cell wall
ACID-FAST STAINING
Primary stain: __________
Secondary stain: __________
— Mordant: _________ [Method]
— Tergitol: _________ [Method]
carbol fuchsin
methylene blue/malachite green
heat [Ziehl-Neelsen method]
cold [KInyoun method]
— Cell wall of _____ resists the acid- OH in decolorizing step.
AFB
ACID-FAST STAINING METHOD
1. [Method]
2. [Method]
3. [Method] - differentiate [2 Bacterias]
4. [Method] - differentiate [2 Bacterias]
5. [Method] - selective for the cell wall of ______.
heat/Ziehl-Neelsen Method
cold/Kinyoun
Pappenheim
Baumgarten
Auramine-rhodamine
AFB
MODIFIED ACID-FAST STAINING METHOD
Modified Kinyoun
— ID of intestinal coccidian oocysts
Modified Kinyoun
— Ideal for cryptosporidia and cyclospora parasites
Modified Kinyoun
MODIFIED KINYOUN
— Specimen : ______
— Rgt: = __________
stool
conventional acid-fast
MODIFIED KINYOUN
Result: ______ appear as [color]-stained organisms against a [color] background
oocysts
magenta
blue
If the result is:
Bacteria: [Method]
Parasite: [Method]
Acid-fast/Kinyoun
Modified acid-fast/Modified kinyoun
Staining technique of the ff:
Cell wall
Capsule
Dyar
Anthony’s. Hiss and Gin’s +Nigrosin
Staining technique of the ff:
Metachromatic Granules
Endospore
Neisser + Albert
Domer+ Schaeffer-Fulton
Staining technique of the ff:
Flagella
Spirochetes
Gray + Leifson
Levaditi’s + Fontana-Tribondeau
Staining technique of the DNA:
Feulgen
process that [X] Defined scope of microorganisms including some spores
Disinfection
Disinfectant can be either?
Physical
Chemical
[X] pathogenic bacteria so items are safe to handle or dispose of
Decontamination
WHY THE BACTERIA WON’T DIE?
organism type,number
disinfecting agent conc
nature of surface to be disinfected
presence of organic material
contact time
temp
pH
biofilms
compatibility of disinfectant <> sterilant
[+]Spores
Calcium, Protein, Carbs, Lipids, Dipicolinic acid
Opposite for virus with lipid-rich envelope detergent + wetting agent.
Mycolic acid in bacteria
nonliving; abnormal infectious proteins
Prions
Prions resistant to: [3]
heat 121C
radiation
chemicals [acid/base]
- determines the exposure time that is necessary for 99.9% elimination
Microbial load
–- Preparation, dilution and use must be followed carefully by this
[2 examples]
Disinfecting agent conc.
● 70% alcohol
● Povidone-iodine