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BACTE INTROS Flashcards

1
Q

— treatment of disease by using
chemical substances
- It also refers to chemical treatment of noninfectious diseases, such as cancer.

A

Chemoterapy

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2
Q

prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

A

synthetic durgs

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3
Q

produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against microorganisms

A

antibiotics

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4
Q

orderly classification and grouping of organisms into taxa [categories].

A

Taxonomy

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5
Q

3 distinct of taxonomy are:

A

Classification
Nomenclature
Identification

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6
Q

__________________
Organization of Mx
Classification system is ________.

A

Classification

hierarchic

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7
Q

__________________
– The family name is capitalized and has a suffix “-______”.

A

Nomenclature
aceae

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8
Q

Writing the Genus Name:
1. ______: 1st letter capitalized
→ followed by the ________: lower-case OR prior period if shortcuts
- Print: ________
- Script: ________
2. As a group: _____________

A

Genus
Species/Epithet

italicized
underlined

not capitalized, underlined

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9
Q

similar genus.
— most basic taxonomic group and can be defined as a collection of bacterial strains that share many common physiologic and genetic features and as a group differ notably from other bacterial species.

A

species/epithet

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10
Q

— next higher taxon and comprises diff species that have several important features in common but differ to maintain their status as individual species.

A

Genus/Genera

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11
Q

similar species

A

Genus/Generas

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12
Q

similar genera

A

Family

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13
Q

similar families

A

order

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14
Q

similar orders

A

class

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15
Q

similar classes

A

division/phylum

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16
Q

similar phylum/division

A

Kingdom

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17
Q

cell type

A

Domain

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18
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE BACTERIAL CELL
— [unicellular/multicellular]
— [eukaryotic/ prokaryotic]
— [+/X] organelles
— All functions take place in the __________ or _____________
— ______________- protects bacterial cell from [X] bursting due to turgor + maintains cell shape.

A

unicellular
prokaryotic
[x] organelles
cytoplasm or cytoplasmic membrane

peptidoglycan cell wall

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19
Q

Bacteria Composition

A

70% H2O
30% Carbs, lipid, proteins, enzymes

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20
Q

Bacteria Size:
Width:
Length:

A

0.25 – 1um
1 – 3 um

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21
Q

Cocci shapes [4]

A

spherical
oval
flattened on one side
elongated

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22
Q

COCCI
__________ = pairs after division

__________ = divide + remain attached in chainlike patterns

__________ = divide in 2 planes + remain in 4 groups.

__________ = divide in 3 planes + remain attached in cube-like groups

___________ = divide in multiple planes and form grape-like clusters

A

diplococci

streptococci

tetrads

sarcinae

staphylococci

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23
Q

BACILLUS
__________ = single rods

__________ = pairs after division

__________ = occur in chains

__________ = oval; look-like cocci

___________ = 1 or more twists; not straight

___________ = curved rods

___________ = helical shape [corscrew-like]; rigid; move by flagella

___________ = helical and flexible, move by axial filaments

A

Single bacilli

Diplobacilli

Streptobacilli

Coccobacilli

Spiral

Rods

Spirochetes

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24
Q

Rods are helical shape [________-like]; rigid; move by _________

A

corkscrew

flagella

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25
Q

= rod-shaped

A

BACILLI [sing. bacillus]

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26
Q

star-shaped bacterium

A

Stella

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27
Q

rectangular-shaped

A

Haloarcula

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28
Q

Some cells also form this shape

A

Fusiform

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29
Q

Bacterial morphology is det. by __________

A

heredity

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30
Q

maintains a 1 shape

A

monomorphic

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31
Q

_____________can have many shapes [2]

A

pleomorphic

corynebacterium
rhizobium

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32
Q

“Pro” = _______
“karyon” = ________. [3]

A

before
nucleus, nut, kernel

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33
Q

[X] true nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane, characteristic of LOWER FORMS

A

Prokaryotes

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34
Q

Type of cell that does not have organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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35
Q

ALL functions of Prokaryotes take place in the [2]

A

cytoplasm
cytoplasmic membrane

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36
Q

it has the outermost structure

A

cell envelope

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37
Q

Cell envelope is composed of

A

COPPP

Cell wall
Outer membrane
Plasma membrane
Periplasma [gram - only]

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38
Q

Cell wall is also called as [2]

A

Peptidoglycan
Murein layer

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39
Q

Cell wall composition:

A

Disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits

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40
Q

Peptidoglycan is made up of

A

teichoic acid
lipotechoic acid

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41
Q

Functions of Cell Wall

  • [Action] bacterial cells rupture when the ← Inside osmotic pressure> outside the cell
  • __________ anchorage point
  • Synthesis + Structure → PRIMARY TARGET OF _____________.
A

Prevents

Flagella’s

Antimicrobial agents

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42
Q

Gram + cell wall consists of: [2]

A

glycan chains of alternating:
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
N-acetyl-D-muramic acid

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43
Q

Gram + cell wall is consist of __________ that is [-] charged and contributes to the negativity of the cell wall + bind & regulate the ___________ into and out of the cell.

A

Teichoic acid

movement of cations

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44
Q

acts by preventing the synthesis of peptidoglycan.

A

Penicillin

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45
Q

Gram [-] cell wall is consists of? [Outer/ Inner/ both]

A

Both

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46
Q

Outer membrane of gram [-] cell wall is consists of: [3]

A

Proteins
Phosholipids
LPS

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47
Q

LPS composition of gram [-] cell wall

A

Lipid A
Core polysaccharide
Antigen O-specific polysaccharide

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48
Q

major constituent of gram [-] cell wall’s LPS that is also [toxic/nontoxic]

A

Lipid A

toxic

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49
Q

LPS of Gram [-] cell wall
[What type of toxin]; vitals in evading the ___________

— [+/-] charge of bacterial surface → [action] the membrane structure

A

endotoxin

host defense

–
stabilizes

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50
Q

Type of cell wall that is gram [+] cell wal structure

A

Acid Fast Cell Wall

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51
Q

Acid fast cell wall is consists of [2]

A

waxy layer of:
glycolipids
fatty acids [mycolic acid]

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52
Q

bound to the cell wall exterior and has a strong hydrophobic structure

A

Acid Fast Cell Wall

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53
Q

Examples of bacteria that are acid-fast cell wall [2]

A

Mycobacteria
Nocardia

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54
Q

Certain prokaryotes have absence of cell wall because that contain ________ in their cell membrane
[2 examples]

A

sterols

mycoplasma
ureaplasma

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55
Q

cell wall of
Gram [+] :

Gram [-] :

A

Thick
Teichoic acids [- charged]

Thin inner
Outer membrane: proteins, lipids, LPS

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56
Q

Shape of
Gram [+] :

Gram [-] :

A

Spherical
Rod-shaped Filamentous

Spherical
Oval
Straight
Curved rods
Helical Filamentous

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57
Q

Metabolism of
Gram [+] :

Gram [-] :

A

Chemoorganoheterotrophic

Phototrophic
Chemolithoautotrophic
Chemoorganoheterotrophic

58
Q

Teichoic Acid [+/]
Gram [+] :

Gram [-] :

59
Q

Endospore [+/]
Gram [+] :

Gram [-] :

60
Q

Periplasmic space [+/]
Gram [+] :

Gram [-] :

61
Q

Flagellar structure of:
Gram [+] :

Gram [-] :

A

2 rings @basal body

4 rings @basal body

62
Q

Inhibition by basic dye effect [High/Low]:

Gram [+] :

Gram [-] :

63
Q

Resistance to physical disruption: [High/Low]:

Gram [+] :

Gram [-] :

64
Q

Resistance to lyzozyme [High/Low]:

Gram [+] :

Gram [-] :

65
Q

Reproduction process:

Gram [+] :

Gram [-] :

A

BINARY FISSION BOTH

66
Q

Deepest layer of the cell envelope and the internal matrix of the cell.

A

Plasma membrane

67
Q

Plasma membrane consists ______________ that surrounds the cytoplasm

A

phospholipid bilayer

68
Q

Plasma membrane functions [3]

A

Golgi complexes
Mitochondria
Lysosomes of eukaryotic cells

69
Q

Plasma membrane acts as an _______ barrier

70
Q

Functions of the Plasma membrane [4]

A

Regulates the transport of solute across the membrane

Chemical energy generation

Site of respiration and biosynthesis

71
Q

_____________
Site of protein biosynthesis and gives the ________ a granular structure.

A

Ribosome

cytoplasm

72
Q

Ribosome is also called as ?

A

Non-membranous structure

73
Q

— Consist of single, circular chromosome

74
Q

Appears diffused nucleoid or chromatin body that is attached to a mesosome or a sac-like structure

75
Q

_________________
–- ___chromosomal, [#] stranded element of DNA → could lead to ___________.

A

Plasmid

extra

2

virulence

76
Q

Plasmid is located at __________ and it serves as a site for the gene to code
[2]

A

Cytoplasm

antibiotic resistance
toxin production

77
Q

— Not essential for bacterial growth

78
Q

— it sometimes disappears during cell division] and make bacteria pathogenic.

79
Q

production of B-lactamases that provide resistance to B-lactam antibiotics like [2]

A

Large plasmid

penicillin
oxacillin

80
Q

is resistant to tetracyclines and chloramphenicol.

A

Small plasmid

81
Q

Antibiotic resistance of:

Large plasmid [2]

Small plasmid [2]

A

B-lactam antibiotics: penicillin, oxacillin

tetracycline, chlorampenicol

82
Q

bacteria’s energy source/food reserve

A

inclusion bodies

83
Q

Inclusion bodies is #__________ that lessens osmotic pressure

A

polysaccharide

84
Q

Inclusion bodies examples [6]

A

GCP PCG
Glycogen
Cyanophysin granules
poly-B-hydroxybutyrate granules
Carboxysomes
Gas vacuoles
Polyphosphate granules

85
Q

type of mx that has inclusion bodies w/ their specific inclusion bodies

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae: babe-ernst granules

Yersinia pestis, Pasteurella, Bordetella: bipolar bodies

Myco. tuberculosis: Much’s granules

Nocardia, Actinomyces: Sulfur granules

86
Q

_________________
— small, dormant structures @ inside the bacterial cell: within _________ cells of some Gram-[+/-] bacteria.

A

Endospores/Asexual spores

vegetative

[+]

87
Q

Aid in survival of bacteria against external conditions

A

Endospores

88
Q

Asexual spores are composed of [2]

A

Dipicolinic acid
Calcium ions

89
Q

Bacterias that are endospores [2]

A

Bacillus
Clostridium

90
Q

SPORE TYPES ACCDG TO LOCATION
1. _________ spore - [bacteria]
2. _________ spore - [bacteria]
3. _________ spore - [bacteria]

A

Terminal spore: Clostridium tetani
Subterminal spore: Clostridium botulinum
Central spore: Bacillus anthracis

91
Q

process of spore formation

A

Sporogenesis/Sporulation

92
Q

is the end of spore’s dormant stage.

A

Germination

93
Q

It is an outward complex of polysaccharides on the bacterial surface and other cells.

A

Glycocalyx

94
Q

— Appears as capsule/ slime layer.

A

Glycocalyx

95
Q

helps the bacteria to attach to the surface of solid objects or tissue.

A

Glycocalyx

96
Q

which of which is made up of polymers?
Capsule or Slime layer

97
Q

Organized material that is firmly attached to the cell wall

98
Q

–- Protects the bacteria from the [X] attacks of human defense system. Resist phagocytosis and desiccation.

A

Glycocalyx: Capsule

99
Q

[X] capsule → detect _______ prior to serological testing
[+] capsule → ___________

A

somatic Antigens

Mucoid colony

100
Q

Unorganized material that is loosely attached to the cell wall

A

Glycocalyx: Slime layer

101
Q
  • It can either inhibit [X] phagocytosis OR adherence of the bacteria to the host tissue or synthetic implants.
A

Glycocalyx: Slime layer

102
Q

It is an exterior protein filament (flagellin) that rotates and thus, causes bacteria to be motile.

103
Q
  • Important in the survivability and the pathogenic ability of bacteria
104
Q

5 Arrangements of Flagellum

A

Atrichous
Monotrichous
Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Peritrichous

105
Q

[x] flagellum
single flagellum on 1 end
single flagellum on both ends

A

Atrichous
Monotrichous
Amphitrichous

106
Q

tuff/group on 1 end or
both ends
spread over the whole surface

A

Lophotrichous
Peritrichous

107
Q

________________
hair-like, proteinaceous structures that extend from the cell membrane to the external environment [# um in length].

A

Pili/Fimbria

2um

108
Q
  • Aid in the attachment of bacteria to surface
A

Pili/Fimbria

109
Q

2 bacteria examples of Pili

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Pseudomonas

110
Q

Aids the virulence factor/organ of attachment

A

Common or Somatic pilus

111
Q

Essential part of the genetic transfer/conjugation process.

112
Q

Determine if motile or non-motile:
Alcaligenes

113
Q

Determine if motile or non-motile:
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
Bordetella

A

motile
non-motile
motile
non-motile

114
Q

Determine if motile or non-motile:
Corynebacterium diptheria
Clostridium tetani
Campylobacter
Clostridium perfringens

A

non-motile
motile
motile
non-motile

115
Q

Determine if motile or non-motile:
Erysipelothrix
Escherichia coli

A

non-motile
motile

116
Q

Determine if motile or non-motile:

Klebsiella pneumonia

Listeria

Helicobacter

Haemophilus

A

non-motile

motile

motile

non-motile

117
Q

Determine if motile or non-motile:

Neisseria

Pseudomonas

Staphylococci

Vibrio

A

non-motile

motile

non-motile

motile

118
Q

bacteria with capsules [3]

A

Bacillus anthracis
Klebsiella pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae

119
Q

bacteria with spores [2]

A

Bacillus
Clostridium

120
Q

contain a true nucleus [+ chromosome bound by a nuclear membrane]

A

eukaryotes

121
Q

cells of higher plants, animals, fungi, protozoa and other more morphologically complex and larger organisms than prokaryotes.

A

eukaryotes

122
Q

membrane-bound organelles: [5]

A

Lysosomes
ER
Nucleus
Mitochondira
Golgi body

123
Q

Size of the cell:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

A

0.20-2 um

10-100 um

124
Q

Cell wall:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

A

[+]

[-] except fungi [chillin]

125
Q

Nucleus:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

A

absence of nuclear membrane/nucleoli

True nucleus with nuclear membrane/nucleoli

126
Q

Genome location:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

A

nucleoid/mesosome

nucleus

127
Q

Chromosome:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

A

Single, singular, without histone

Multiplier linear, with histones

128
Q

Membrane-bound organelles:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

129
Q

Ribosomes:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

A

[+] smaller size 70s

[+] larger size 80s

130
Q

Pili/FImbriae:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

131
Q

Flagella:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

A

simple. 2-protein building blocks

complex [multiple microtubule]

132
Q

Lysosomes & Peroxisomes:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

133
Q

Sterols and Gas vesicles:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

A

1.
[-]

[+]

2.
[+]

[-]

134
Q

Introns in genes :

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

135
Q

Cytoskeleton/Cytoplasmic streaming:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

136
Q

Cell division:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

A

Asexual [binary fission]

Sexual and Asexual

137
Q

Greek word: “archaics”, which means ______

138
Q

ARCHEABACTERIA [ARCHEA] cellular structures [4]

A

CRPlaFla
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Flagella

139
Q

type of bacteria that has [X] nucleus and membrane bound organelles

A

archeabascteria

140
Q

[X] peptidoglycan, but they mostly contain a protein/ glycoprotein wall structure known as the “S- layer”

A

archeabascteria

141
Q

Aerobes and Anaerobes of Archea

A

Classic aerobes

Facultative anaerobes
Obligate anaerobes

142
Q

Archebacteria is Gram [-/+]

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