Back to base Flashcards
What is the commonest cause of SNHL?
Presbyacusis
What kind of hearing loss does noise exposure cause and how?
SNHL - sounds above 85 dB can break hair cells.
How to treat SSNHL?
Urgent audiogram.
Immediate steroids 1 mg/kg/day for 14 days (50 mg prednisolone) orally.
Some trans tympanic injection if no response
Antiviral agents debatable / hyperbaric oxygen.
What are the three important types of OM?
AOM - infected fluid in the middle ear - strep pneumoniae / h influenza / moraxella cattarhalis
OM with effusion - not infected fluid in middle ear - thin or glue like, no acute symptoms
Chronic suppurative OM: Permanent perforation - active is discharging, inactive is dry.
When is neoadjuvant treatment most common?
in rectal and breast neoplastic disease.
What targets are used for tumour cell targets in chemo?
Apoptosis triggers, cell microtubules, DNA replication, DNA base synthesis
What proportion of breast cancers have estrogen receptors?
70%. Targeted in early and advanced disease.
What proportion of prostate cancers have androgen receptors?
90%, targeted mostly in advanced disease
What are Ibs in chemo?
Small molecule inhibitors. They are small, have an artificial chemical nature. Causes target blockade only. Can have off target effects. Crosses BBB.
What are abs in chemo?
Humanised monoclonal Abs. They are larger, natural organic nature. They can recruit immune system. Low risk of off-target effects, and poor BBB penetration.
