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Neurology- Anatomy > Back, Spine and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Back, Spine and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main functions of the back?

A

Maintenance of posture and movement of the trunk and limbs

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2
Q

Lower back pain may be due to strain of which muscle?

A

Erector spinae

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3
Q

What are the names of the three parts of the trapezius muscle and where do they lie?

A

Descending (superior), transverse (middle), ascending (inferior)

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4
Q

What are the 4 extrinsic back muscles?

A

Levator scapulae, rhomboids, trapezius and latissimus dorsi

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5
Q

Extrinsic back muscles attach the back to where?

A

Pectoral girdle

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6
Q

The extrinsic back muscles allow movement of where?

A

The upper limb

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7
Q

Are the extrinsic back muscles involved in the maintenance of posture?

A

No

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8
Q

The trapezius muscle extends superiorly into the neck to attach to where?

A

Occipital bone

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9
Q

The latissimus dorsi extends superiorly into the neck to attach to where?

A

Cervical vertebrae

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10
Q

What are the two groups of intrinsic back muscles?

A

Erector spinae and transversospinalis

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11
Q

Which group of intrinsic back muscles is more superficial?

A

Erector spinae

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12
Q

Which group of intrinsic back muscles is more deep?

A

Transversospinalis

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13
Q

Both groups of intrinsic back muscles extend superiorly into where?

A

The neck

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14
Q

What are the functions of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Maintenance of posture and movement of the spine

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15
Q

The erector spinae is made up of how many muscle groups?

A

Three

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16
Q

Where is the erector spinae muscle group located in relation to the spine?

A

Lateral

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17
Q

Where does the erector spinae attach inferiorly?

A

A common tendon attaches to the sacrum and iliac crest

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18
Q

Where does the erector spinae attach superiorly?

A

Individual muscle fibres attach via a tendon to either a rib, a transverse process of a vertebra or a spinous process of a vertebra

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19
Q

Where is the transversospinalis muscle group located?

A

Within the grooves between transverse and spinous processes

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20
Q

Individual muscle fibres of the transversospinalis muscle can attach between a vertebrae and what other structures?

A

The skull, a rib, another vertebrae, the sacrum

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21
Q

Describe the nerve supply of intrinsic back muscles?

A

This is segmental - i.e. as per the dermatome/myotome pattern

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22
Q

Are the intrinsic back muscles supplied by anterior or posterior rami?

A

Posterior rami

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23
Q

What is the nerve supply to the levator scapulae?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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24
Q

What is the nerve supply to the rhomboids?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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25
Q

What is the nerve supply to the trapezius?

A

Spinal accessory nerve

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26
Q

What is the nerve supply to the latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal (long scapular) nerve

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27
Q

What muscles are responsible for extension of the spine?

A

Erector spinae and transversospinalis

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28
Q

Bilateral contraction of the erector spinae muscle results in what movement?

A

Extension

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29
Q

Unilateral contraction of the erector spinae muscle results in what movement?

A

Lateral flexion

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30
Q

What muscles are responsible for flexion of the spine?

A

Psoas major and rectus abdominus

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31
Q

How many vertebrae are there? How is this divided?

A

33: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal

32
Q

Describe the variations in size of the vertebrae?

A

They get bigger as you descend as they bear more weight, and then get smaller again once weight has been transferred to the hips

33
Q

The vertebral foraminae combine to form what two structures?

A

Vertebral canal and intervertebral foramina

34
Q

What structure passes through the vertebral canal?

A

Spinal cord

35
Q

What structures pass through the intervertebral foramina?

A

Spinal nerves

36
Q

What are the names of the two lordosis’ in the spine?

A

Cervical and lumbar

37
Q

What are the names of the two kyphosis’ in the spine?

A

Thoracic and sacral

38
Q

What structures attach to the spinous processes of vertebrae?

A

Muscles and ligaments

39
Q

What structures attach to the transverse processes of vertebrae?

A

Muscles, ligaments and ribs

40
Q

What is the role of the articular processes of a vertebrae?

A

To allow mobility by forming synovial facet joints with adjacent vertebrae

41
Q

What is the role of the vertebral foramen?

A

Convey and protect the spinal cord

42
Q

What is the role of the vertebral arch? What is it formed of?

A

Protects the spinal cord, formed of 2 lamina and 2 pedicles

43
Q

What joints of the back are affected by arthritis?

A

Facet joints

44
Q

Pain signals from the back will be transmitted through where?

A

Posterior rami

45
Q

Where in the vertebral column are intervertebral discs not found?

A

Between C1 and C2, and in the fused sacrum/coccyx

46
Q

Describe the movement provided by intervertebral discs?

A

Each disc allows a small amount of movement which has a summative effect providing a large amount of movement

47
Q

What is the role of the ligamentum flavum?

A

This is a short ligament, responsible for connecting adjacent laminae posterior to the spinal cord

48
Q

What does the posterior longitudinal ligament attach to?

A

The posterior aspect of all vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

49
Q

Which is stronger, the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Anterior (broad and strong whereas the posterior is narrow and weak)

50
Q

What is the role of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevents over flexion of the spine

51
Q

What does the anterior longitudinal ligament attach to?

A

The anterior aspect of all vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

52
Q

What is the role of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevents over extension of the spine

53
Q

Describe the strength/material of a supraspinous and interspinous ligament?

A

Supraspinous = strong, fibrous / interspinous = weak, membranous

54
Q

What is the role of the supraspinous ligament?

A

To connect the tips of spinous processes

55
Q

What is the role of the interspinous ligament?

A

To connect the superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes

56
Q

What structure do cervical vertebrae possess that other vertebrae do not?

A

Transverse foraminae

57
Q

What structures pass through the transverse foraminae in cervical vertebrae?

A

Vertebral arteries

58
Q

What is unique about C1 atlas?

A

Does not have a vertebral body or spinous process

59
Q

What structure does C2 axis possess that other vertebrae do not?

A

An odontoid process projecting superiorly

60
Q

What is C7 vertebrae known as and why?

A

Vertebrae prominens as it is the first palpable spinous process

61
Q

Where do the atlanto-occipital joints connect between?

A

The occipital condyles and superior articular facets of atlas

62
Q

What type of joints are the atlanto-occipital joints?

A

Synovial joints with a loose capsule

63
Q

What movements do the atlanto-occipital joints allow?

A

Flexion and extension of the neck and a little lateral flexion and rotation

64
Q

Why may spinal cord damage not always occur in a dislocation of a cervical vertebrae?

A

Because the vertebral canal in this area is larger

65
Q

How many articulations form the atlanto-axial joint? What type of joint is this?

A

3 - it is a synovial joint

66
Q

Where are the 3 articulations which form the atlanto-axial joint?

A

2x between the inferior articular facets of atlas and superior articular facets of axis, and 1x between the anterior arch of atlas and odontoid process of axis

67
Q

What is the main movement that the atlanto-axial joint is responsible for?

A

Rotation

68
Q

What are found in the sacrum instead of intervertebral foraminae?

A

Anterior and posterior sacral foraminae

69
Q

What structures are found in the sacral canal?

A

Cauda equina and meninges

70
Q

Where is anaesthetic injected in caudal anaesthesia? What nerves are anaesthetised?

A

Sacral hiatus / the sacral spinal nerve roots of the cauda equina

71
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin? It is continuous with what other structure?

A

Foramen magnum / medulla oblongata

72
Q

Where does the spinal cord end? What is this known as? What does it become after this?

A

L1/L2 / conus medullaris / cauda equina

73
Q

What is the spinal cord surrounded by?

A

3 layers of meninges and epidural fat

74
Q

What is a laminectomy?

A

Removal of one or more spinous processes and the adjacent lamina

75
Q

What layers do you have to pass through to perform a laminectomy?

A

Skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, intrinsic muscles, ligaments (flavum, supraspinous, interspinous)

Neurology- Anatomy (11 decks)

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