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Neurology- Anatomy > Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between a nucleus and a ganglion?

A

A collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS is known as a nucleus; while a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS is known as a ganglion

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2
Q

What are neurones?

A

Nerve cells which receive and conduct impulses

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3
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a neurone?

A

Body, dendrites, axon

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4
Q

Which is longer, a dendrite or an axon?

A

Axon

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5
Q

Dendrites travel in which direction with regards to the neurone cell body?

A

Towards

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6
Q

Dendrites are effectively extensions of the neurone cell body, what is their function?

A

To increase surface area to allow the neurone to connect with other neurones

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7
Q

Axons travel in which direction with regards to the neurone cell body?

A

Away

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8
Q

What is the role of the axon?

A

To communicate with other neurones or effectors (muscles/glands)

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9
Q

What would be the main difference in the myelin sheath surrounding an axon in the PNS vs the CNS?

A

In the CNS, the myelin sheath will be composed of oligodendrocytes; in the PNS, it will be composed of Schwann cells

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10
Q

What are the two main different types of neurone?

A

Multipolar and unipolar

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11
Q

Out of multipolar and unipolar, which is the most common type of neurone?

A

Multipolar

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12
Q

How many dendrites must a neurone have to be classed as multipolar?

A

Two or more

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13
Q

Are motor neurones (either of skeletal muscle or the ANS) multipolar or unipolar?

A

Multipolar

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14
Q

Usually, where is the cell body of a multipolar neurone found?

A

In the CNS (with the axon extending into the PNS)

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15
Q

Usually the cell body of a multipolar neurone is found in the CNS. What is the exception to this?

A

In the ANS: the cell body of the presynaptic neurone is located in the CNS, but the cell body of the postsynaptic neurone is located within autonomic ganglia in the PNS

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16
Q

Are sensory neurones multipolar or unipolar?

A

Unipolar

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17
Q

Most unipolar neurones are located where?

A

In the dorsal root ganglion

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18
Q

Where is the cell body of a unipolar neurone found?

A

In the PNS

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19
Q

In a motor (efferent) neurone, where does the impulse move towards?

A

The body wall, body cavity or an organ

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20
Q

In a sensory (afferent) neurone, where does the impulse move towards?

A

The brain

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21
Q

What are nerves?

A

A collection of axons surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels

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22
Q

What is the CNS equivalent of a nerve?

A

A tract

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23
Q

What are the two main subtypes of nerve?

A

Single modality and mixed modality

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24
Q

Which is more common - single modality or mixed modality nerves?

A

Mixed (single modality nerves are quite rare)

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25
Single modality nerves can be composed of one of what modalities?
Somatic motor, somatic sensory, special sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic or visceral afferent
26
All spinal nerves are which type: single or mixed modality?
Mixed
27
Mixed modality nerves contain what 3 modalities?
Somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetics all together in one nerve
28
How man pairs of spinal nerves are there? How are these divided up?
31 pairs, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal
29
What is important to remember about the cervical spinal nerves and cervical vertebrae?
There are only 7 cervical vertebrae so C1 starts above the first vertebrae
30
Spinal nerves are only found where in the body?
Intervertebral foramina
31
The spinal nerves become what to travel to structures of the soma?
Rami
32
Before they become spinal nerves, what do they travel from the spinal cord as?
Rootlets and roots
33
Are rami single or mixed modality?
Mixed
34
Which is larger, anterior or posterior rami?
Anterior
35
What do anterior and posterior rami supply respectively?
Anterior rami supply the anterior body wall, posterior rami supply the posterior body wall
36
Describe the path of a sensory axon?
Spinal nerve, posterior root, posterior rootlets, posterior horn of the spinal cord
37
Describe the path of a motor axon?
Anterior horn of the spinal cord, anterior rootlets, anterior root, spinal nerve
38
What is found in the dorsal root ganglion?
The cell bodies of primary afferent neurones
39
Each spinal nerve pair supplies its particular body segment with what?
General sensory supply to all structures, somatic motor supply to skeletal muscles and sympathetic supply to skin and smooth muscle of arterioles
40
What is a dermatome?
An area of skin supplied with sensory innervation from a single spinal nerve
41
What is a myotome?
The skeletal muscles supplied with somatic motor innervation from a single spinal nerve
42
Is the myotome always deep to the dermatome of the same spinal nerve?
No, it sometimes can be but isn't always
43
What is the dermatome level of the male nipple?
T4
44
What is the dermatome level of the umbilicus?
T10
45
What range of dermatomes supply the scalp, neck and shoulder?
C2, C3, C4
46
What range of dermatomes supply the upper limb?
C5-T1
47
What range of dermatomes supply the lower limb, gluteal region and perineum?
L2-S4
48
What is a nerve plexus?
Intermingled anterior rami from a number of adjacent spinal nerves
49
The anterior rami of a nerve plexus contribute to the formation of multiple what?
Peripheral nerves
50
What spinal nerves form the cervical plexus? What does this supply?
C1-C4, the scalp, neck and diaphragm
51
What spinal nerves form the brachial plexus? What does this supply?
C5-T1, the upper limb
52
What spinal nerves form the lumbar plexus? What does this supply?
L1-L4, the lower limb
53
What spinal nerves form the sacral plexus? What does this supply?
L5-S4, the lower limb, gluteal region and perineum
54
Where does sympathetic outflow originate from? It passes down the spinal cord and exits at what spinal levels?
Control centres in the brain / T1-L2
55
What additional feature of the spinal cord allows sympathetics to leave at T1-L2 levels?
Lateral horns
56
The presynaptic sympathetic axons is motor innervation, so after leaving the spinal cord it passes through where to reach the spinal nerve?
Anterior roots and rootlets
57
How does sympathetic supply reach the body wall structures?
Via anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves
58
How does sympathetic supply reach the thoracic viscera?
Cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
59
How does sympathetic supply reach the abdominopelvic viscera?
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
60
Once sympathetics pass into the anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves, how do they reach organs of he head and neck, and the body wall?
By 'hitching a ride' with arteries
61
Describe where presynaptic sympathetic fibres would be found?
Leaving the spinal cord in anterior roots/rootlets
62
Describe where postsynaptic sympathetic fibres would be found?
Within anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves
63
Where are paravertebral sympathetic ganglia found?
Associated with the sympathetic chain
64
Where are prevertebral sympathetic ganglia found?
Infront of the abdominal aorta
65
Do sympathetics to the heart and lungs synapse paravertebral or prevertebral sympathetic ganglia?
Paravertebral
66
Do sympathetics to the abdomen and pelvis synapse paravertebral or prevertebral sympathetic ganglia?
Prevertebral
67
Where do presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?
CNs III, VII, IX and X, and sacral spinal nerves
68
How do parasympathetics travel to the eye?
Via the ciliary ganglion
69
How do parasympathetics travel to the lacrimal and salivary glands?
Via parasympathetic ganglia in the head and neck
70
How do parasympathetics travel to organs of the neck chest and abdomen (to the midgut)?
Vagus nerve
71
How do parasympathetics travel to the hindgut, pelvis and perineum?
Sacral spinal nerves
72
Horner's syndrome is caused by what?
Impaired sympathetic innervation to the head and neck
73
What is the clinical picture of Horner's syndrome?
Ipsilateral miosis, ptosis, anhydrosis and increased redness and warmth

Neurology- Anatomy (11 decks)

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