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anatomy > back region > Flashcards

back region Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 different types of back muscles and define them

A

extrinsic muscles work on parts of the body other than where they originate, and intrinsic work on the back and originate in the back

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2
Q

what are the three types of intrinsic back muscles

A

superficial, intermediate, and deep (has 2 subsections)

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3
Q

what are the 4 superficial intrinsic back muscles

A

the serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior, splenius capitus and splenius cervicis

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4
Q

what is the erector spinae group and name them

A

they are intermediate intrinsic muscles (ILS) from lateral to medial they are Iliocostalis, Longissimus and Spinalis

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5
Q

what are the 2 subsections of deep intrinsic back muscles

A

transversospinal and deep segmental

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6
Q

what are the transversospinal muscles

A

rotatores, multifidus, and semispinalis

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7
Q

what are the deep segmental muscles

A

interspinales, intertransversarii, and levatores costrum

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8
Q

what are the primary factors that affect degree of movement

A

articulation of bones, ligaments, and muscle tone

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9
Q

what are the secondary factors that affect degree of movement

A

skin, fascia, bursae and synovial sheaths (tendons)

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10
Q

what are the classification of joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

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11
Q

what are the types of fibrous joints

A

suture, gomphosis, and syndesmosis

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12
Q

what are the types of cartilaginous joints

A

primary (end of long bones and while growing) and secondary (pubic symphysis and spinal discs)

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13
Q

what are the types of synovial joints

A

plane, hinge, pivot, ball and socket

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14
Q

what are the distinguishing favtors of synovial joints

A

they have a joint cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane (capsule), fibrous capsule

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15
Q

what is the function of the vertebral column

A

support, attach appendicular skeleton, protect spinal cord, balance stability and mobility

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16
Q

what are the regions of the spine and how many of each

A

cervical (7) thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) sacral (5 ish fused) and coccyx (4 segments)

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17
Q

what are the primary curves of the spine

A

thoracic and sacral

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18
Q

what are the secondary curves of the spine

A

cervical and lumbar

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19
Q

what is it called when the spine is curved excessively dorsally

A

Kyphosis

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20
Q

what is it called when the spine is curved excessively ventrally

A

Lordosis

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21
Q

what is a characteristic of the cervical vertebrae

A

they have transverse foramen for vertebral arteries

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22
Q

what is a characteristic of the thoracic vertebrae

A

the body is more heart shaped and they have a costal facet of the transverse process and superior and inferior costal facets of the vertebral body

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23
Q

what is a characteristic of the lumbar vertebrae

A

the spinous process is more “stubby” and has a larger body

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24
Q

what is the ALL and where is it

A

the anterior longitudinal ligament and it is on the anterior side of the vertebral body (wide)

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25
Q

what is the PLL and where is it

A

the posterior longitudinal ligament and is on the posterior side of the vertebral body (narrow)

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26
Q

what are the parts of the intervertebral disc

A

anulus fibrous and nucleus pulposus

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27
Q

what happens with a bulging disc

A

the nucleus pulposus pushes through the rings of the fibrosus

28
Q

what is a facet joint

A

the articulation between the superior and interior facets of adjacent vertebrae, plane joint, synovial

29
Q

how are cervical facets aligned and what motion do they do

A

45 degrees from horizontal and do flexion, lateral flexion and rotation

30
Q

how are thoracic facets aligned and what motion do they do

A

vertical on the frontal plane, lateral flextion and rotation

31
Q

how are lumbar facets aligned and what motion do they do

A

vertical on the sagittal plane, flexion only

32
Q

where is the ligamentum flava

A

on the posterior vertebral foramen (along posterior arch)

33
Q

where are the interspinous ligaments

A

in between each spinous process (limit too much flexion)

34
Q

where are the intertransverse ligaments

A

in between each transverse process (limit too much rotation)

35
Q

where is the supraspinous ligament

A

continuous along the top of all the spinous processes

36
Q

where is the nuchal ligament

A

it is a continuation of the supraspinous ligament in the cervical spine

37
Q

what is a costovertebral joint

A

it is the articulation between the head of the rib and a facet on the vertebral body

38
Q

what is a costotransverse joint

A

it is the articulation between the neck of the rib and the ttransverse process of a vertebrae

39
Q

where do spinal nerves exit from the vertebral column

A

in the cervical spine the nerves exit above the vertebrae until nerve c8 then all the nerves are below the vertebrae

40
Q

what embryonic structure forms spinal nerves and what are they made of

A

ectoderm and it connects the spinal cord to the somites

41
Q

what are somites and what are they made of

A

somites form skeleton, muscles, and skin and are made of mesoderm

42
Q

what embryonic structure forms the central nervous system

A

ectoderm

43
Q

where does the spinal cord end and what does it become

A

ends between T12 and L2 and becomes the cauda equina

44
Q

how long is the spinal cord in an embryo

A

the same length as the vertebral canal

45
Q

how long is the spinal cord in the fetus

A

it starts to be shorter than the vertebral column because it grows faster than the cord itself

46
Q

how long is the spinal cord at birth

A

the tip of the conus medularis is at L4-L5

47
Q

what are the layers of meninges in order from superficial to deep

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

48
Q

which meninge layer is is the thickest

A

dura mater

49
Q

what forms spinal nerve and what kind of fiber is it

A

anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots (dorsal has a ganglion) and they are mixed sensory and motor (affarent and efferent)

50
Q

what forms the anterior and posterior roots

A

rootlets that attach to the spinal cord

51
Q

what kind of fibers are in the ventral root and where do they come from

A

motor/ efferent fibers come from the cell bodies in the antieror horn of spinal cord gray matter

52
Q

what kind of fibers are in the dorsal root and where do they come from

A

sensory/ affarent fibers come from cell bodies in sensory or dorsal root ganglion (extend to posterior horn gray matter)

53
Q

what does the spinal nerve divide into

A

the posterior (dorsal) ramus and anterior (ventral) ramus

54
Q

what does the dorsal ramus do

A

nerves to synovial joints of vertebral column, deep muscles of the back and skin

55
Q

what does the ventral ramus d

A

anterior and lateral regions of the trunk and upper and lower limbs (forms plexuses except thoracic)

56
Q

what are the nerves of the craniovertebral region and what do they innervate

A

suboccipital (c1) greater occipital (c2) and 3rd occipital (c3) which innervated intrinsic nuchal muscles and associated dermatome (except c1 no dermatome)

57
Q

where does the suboccipital nerve exit

A

above c1 in the atlanto-occipital joint

58
Q

what is a dermatome

A

an area of the skin innervated by a sensory nerve of a specific segment of spinal nerve

59
Q

what is a myotome

A

a region of muscle mass (many muscles can be included) innervated by fibers from a specific segment of spinal nerve

60
Q

what is unique about c1 and what is it called

A

its called the atlas and it does not have a body or a spinous process it has an anterior and posterior tubericle and articulates with the occiput

61
Q

what is unique about c2 and what is it called

A

it is called the axis and has a dens which has an anterior articular facet to articulate with c1

62
Q

what is the relationship of the semispinalis capitius to the splenius capitus

A

the semispinalis is deep to the splenius and runs more vertical where splenius runs as a V

63
Q

what are the intrinsic deep segmental suboccipital muscles

A

rectus capitus posterior minor and major and obliquus capitus superior and inferior

64
Q

what are the muscles of the suboccipital triangle

A

rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior and obliquus capitis inferior

65
Q

what is the roof of the suboccipital triangle

A

the facia under the semispinalis capitis

66
Q

what is the floor of the suboccipital triangle

A

the antlanto-occipital membrane and the posterior arch of the atlas

67
Q

what exits out of (pokes through) the suboccipital triangle

A

the suboccipital nerve (c1) and the vertebral artery (on its way to foramen magnum)

anatomy (4 decks)

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