back and craniovertebral Flashcards
what are the 2 different types of back muscles and define them
extrinsic muscles work on parts of the body other than where they originate, and intrinsic work on the back and originate in the back
what are the three types of intrinsic back muscles
superficial, intermediate, and deep (has 2 subsections)
what are the 4 superficial intrinsic back muscles
the serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior, splenius capitus and splenius cervicis
what is the erector spinae group and name them
they are intermediate intrinsic muscles (ILS) from lateral to medial they are Iliocostalis, Longissimus and Spinalis
what are the 2 subsections of deep intrinsic back muscles
transversospinal and deep segmental
what are the transversospinal muscles
rotatores, multifidus, and semispinalis
what are the deep segmental muscles
interspinales, intertransversarii, and levatores costrum
what are the primary factors that affect degree of movement
articulation of bones, ligaments, and muscle tone
what are the secondary factors that affect degree of movement
skin, fascia, bursae and synovial sheaths (tendons)
what are the classification of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
what are the types of fibrous joints
suture, gomphosis, and syndesmosis
what are the types of cartilaginous joints
primary (end of long bones and while growing) and secondary (pubic symphysis and spinal discs)
what are the types of synovial joints
plane, hinge, pivot, ball and socket
what are the distinguishing favtors of synovial joints
they have a joint cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane (capsule), fibrous capsule
what is the function of the vertebral column
support, attach appendicular skeleton, protect spinal cord, balance stability and mobility
what are the regions of the spine and how many of each
cervical (7) thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) sacral (5 ish fused) and coccyx (4 segments)
what are the primary curves of the spine
thoracic and sacral
what are the secondary curves of the spine
cervical and lumbar
what is it called when the spine is curved excessively dorsally
Kyphosis
what is it called when the spine is curved excessively ventrally
Lordosis
what is a characteristic of the cervical vertebrae
they have transverse foramen for vertebral arteries
what is a characteristic of the thoracic vertebrae
the body is more heart shaped and they have a costal facet of the transverse process and superior and inferior costal facets of the vertebral body
what is a characteristic of the lumbar vertebrae
the spinous process is more “stubby” and has a larger body
what is the ALL and where is it
the anterior longitudinal ligament and it is on the anterior side of the vertebral body (wide)
what is the PLL and where is it
the posterior longitudinal ligament and is on the posterior side of the vertebral body (narrow)
what are the parts of the intervertebral disc
anulus fibrous and nucleus pulposus
what happens with a bulging disc
the nucleus pulposus pushes through the rings of the fibrosus
what is a facet joint
the articulation between the superior and interior facets of adjacent vertebrae, plane joint, synovial
how are cervical facets aligned and what motion do they do
45 degrees from horizontal and do flexion, lateral flexion and rotation
how are thoracic facets aligned and what motion do they do
vertical on the frontal plane, lateral flextion and rotation
how are lumbar facets aligned and what motion do they do
vertical on the sagittal plane, flexion only
where is the ligamentum flava
on the posterior vertebral foramen (along posterior arch)
where are the interspinous ligaments
in between each spinous process (limit too much flexion)
where are the intertransverse ligaments
in between each transverse process (limit too much rotation)
where is the supraspinous ligament
continuous along the top of all the spinous processes
where is the nuchal ligament
it is a continuation of the supraspinous ligament in the cervical spine
what is a costovertebral joint
it is the articulation between the head of the rib and a facet on the vertebral body
what is a costotransverse joint
it is the articulation between the neck of the rib and the ttransverse process of a vertebrae
where do spinal nerves exit from the vertebral column
in the cervical spine the nerves exit above the vertebrae until nerve c8 then all the nerves are below the vertebrae
what embryonic structure forms spinal nerves and what are they made of
ectoderm and it connects the spinal cord to the somites
what are somites and what are they made of
somites form skeleton, muscles, and skin and are made of mesoderm
what embryonic structure forms the central nervous system
ectoderm
where does the spinal cord end and what does it become
ends between T12 and L2 and becomes the cauda equina
how long is the spinal cord in an embryo
the same length as the vertebral canal
how long is the spinal cord in the fetus
it starts to be shorter than the vertebral column because it grows faster than the cord itself
how long is the spinal cord at birth
the tip of the conus medularis is at L4-L5
what are the layers of meninges in order from superficial to deep
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
which meninge layer is is the thickest
dura mater
what forms spinal nerve and what kind of fiber is it
anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots (dorsal has a ganglion) and they are mixed sensory and motor (affarent and efferent)
what forms the anterior and posterior roots
rootlets that attach to the spinal cord
what kind of fibers are in the ventral root and where do they come from
motor/ efferent fibers come from the cell bodies in the antieror horn of spinal cord gray matter
what kind of fibers are in the dorsal root and where do they come from
sensory/ affarent fibers come from cell bodies in sensory or dorsal root ganglion (extend to posterior horn gray matter)
what does the spinal nerve divide into
the posterior (dorsal) ramus and anterior (ventral) ramus
what does the dorsal ramus do
nerves to synovial joints of vertebral column, deep muscles of the back and skin
what does the ventral ramus d
anterior and lateral regions of the trunk and upper and lower limbs (forms plexuses except thoracic)
what are the nerves of the craniovertebral region and what do they innervate
suboccipital (c1) greater occipital (c2) and 3rd occipital (c3) which innervated intrinsic nuchal muscles and associated dermatome (except c1 no dermatome)
where does the suboccipital nerve exit
above c1 in the atlanto-occipital joint
what is a dermatome
an area of the skin innervated by a sensory nerve of a specific segment of spinal nerve
what is a myotome
a region of muscle mass (many muscles can be included) innervated by fibers from a specific segment of spinal nerve
what is unique about c1 and what is it called
its called the atlas and it does not have a body or a spinous process it has an anterior and posterior tubericle and articulates with the occiput
what is unique about c2 and what is it called
it is called the axis and has a dens which has an anterior articular facet to articulate with c1
what is the relationship of the semispinalis capitius to the splenius capitus
the semispinalis is deep to the splenius and runs more vertical where splenius runs as a V
what are the intrinsic deep segmental suboccipital muscles
rectus capitus posterior minor and major and obliquus capitus superior and inferior
what are the muscles of the suboccipital triangle
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior and obliquus capitis inferior
what is the roof of the suboccipital triangle
the facia under the semispinalis capitis
what is the floor of the suboccipital triangle
the antlanto-occipital membrane and the posterior arch of the atlas
what exits out of (pokes through) the suboccipital triangle
the suboccipital nerve (c1) and the vertebral artery (on its way to foramen magnum)
