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First Term Anatomy > Back and Vertebra > Flashcards

Back and Vertebra Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the vertebal column?

A

Weight Bearing

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2
Q

What type of joints are facet joints?

A

Synovial Plane

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3
Q

What do processes act as a site for?

A

Muscle attachments

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4
Q

What does the vertebral column protect?

A

Spinal cord

Spinal nerves

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5
Q

Where is the spinal cord situated in respect to the vertebra?

A

Inside the vertebra

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6
Q

What do all vertebra have?

A

Neural Arch
Body
Processes

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7
Q

What is the most commonly self reported chronic illness?

A

Back problems

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8
Q

What is contained within the vertebral canal?

A

Veins
Arteries
Fat

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9
Q

What is the erector spinae there to do?

A

Keep us upright

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10
Q

Where is the secondary cartilaginous joint situated within a typical vertebra?

A

The body

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11
Q

The neural arch is made of what 2 things?

A

Pedicles and lamina

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12
Q

What is the hole in the vertebra called?

A

The foramen

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13
Q

What facets does each vertebra have?

A

2 superior articular

2 inferior articular

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14
Q

What is the joint between the C1 and C2 joints called?

A

Atlanto-axial joint

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15
Q

All 7 cervical vertebrae have what?

A

Transverse foramena

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16
Q

In the cervical vertebrae, what is special about the spinous process?

A

It is split

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17
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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18
Q

What is the shape of the body of the thoracic vertebra?

A

Heart-shaped

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19
Q

What do lumbar vertebrae not contain?

A

Facets

Foramen

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20
Q

What is the sacrum made by?

A

5 individual vertebra that have fused together

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21
Q

In the sacrum, what do the anterior foramena transmit?

A

The ventral rami

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22
Q

What do the coccyx vertebra attach to?

A

Pelvic floor

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23
Q

What is the name of the ligament that cover the anterior aspect of vertebral bodies?

A

The anterior longitudinal ligament

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24
Q

Why do ruptured discs often rupture at the back rather than the front?

A

Because the ligament is much thinner

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25
Q

What do the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments do?

A

Connect the spines

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26
Q

Where are the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments thickened?

A

The cervical region

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27
Q

What type of joint are the inter-vertebral discs?

A

Secondary Cartilaginous

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28
Q

What is the atlantooccipital joint?

A

Joint between back of skull and the the atlas

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29
Q

What type of joints do the ribs have?

A

Synovial planes

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30
Q

What are IV discs made of?

A

Fibrocartilage

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31
Q

Between which two cervical vertebrae are no IV disc found?

A

C1 and C2

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32
Q

Nucleus pulposus is what?

A

The fluid middle of an IV disc

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33
Q

What is the outside of an IV disc called?

A

Annulus fibrosus

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34
Q

What is the primary function of an IV disc?

A

To act as a shock absorber

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35
Q

What is another name for a slipped disc?

A

Herniated disc

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36
Q

What does a herniated disc compress on?

A

Roots
Nerves
Spinal cord

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37
Q

What is the movement at the atlantoaxial joint?c1-c2

A

Rotation/pivoting

38
Q

What are the movements at the atlantooccipital joint? co-c1

A

Flexion
Extension
circumduction

39
Q

What are kyphosises?

A

Primary curvatures of the back

40
Q

What is the name given to any curvature to the side of the body?

A

Scoliosis

41
Q

What does the spinal cord end as?

A

Conus medullaris

42
Q

In an adult, where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1

43
Q

What is the hard outer membrane of the spinal cord?

A

Dura mater

44
Q

Where is the cerebro-spinal fluid located?

A

The sub-arachnoid mater

45
Q

Where is the sub-arachnoid mater situated?

A

Between the pia mater and arachnoid mater

46
Q

Where does the pia mater extend down to?

A

The coccyx

47
Q

Where is cerebro-spinal fluid found down until?

A

S3

48
Q

What level is the most prominent cervical process found?

A

C7

49
Q

What is found at L4?

A

Superior aspect of iliac crest

50
Q

What is the name given plane where the superior aspect of the iliac crest is situated?

A

Intercristal plane

51
Q

Where do sympathetic fibres originate?

A

In the lateral horn cells

T1-L2) (S2-S4

52
Q

Where do the sympathetic fibres synapse?

A

In the sympathetic chain ganglion

53
Q

Where do sympathetic fibres emerge in the ventral root via?

A

White ramus communicans

54
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral rami contain?

A

Sensory, motor and sympathetic fibres

55
Q

What is the sympathetic chain?

A

A distribution mechanism for sympathetic supply from between T1-L2 to all parts of the body

56
Q

Are synapses able to move up or down the chain to synapse in a different level ganglion?

A

Yes

57
Q

What are the viscera?

A

Internal organs of the body

58
Q

Where do postganglionic sympathetic fibres go in terms of the viscera?

A

The thoracic viscera

59
Q

Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibres go in terms of the viscera?

A

The abdominal viscera

60
Q

What is the splanchnic nerve?

A

A nerve that goes to the organs

61
Q

Where do the abdominal splanchnic nerves synapse?

A

In the prevertebral ganglia

62
Q

General sympathetic sensory impulses from the ANS run with which type of fibres?

A

Parasympathetic fibres

63
Q

Pain impulses run with what in the pelvis?

A

Parasympathetic fibres

64
Q

At which levels do the parasympathetic fibres arise from the CNS?

A

C3,7,9 and 10

S2-4

65
Q

What are the S2-S4 parasympathetic nerves often referred to?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

66
Q

What does the common iliac divide into?

A

Internal iliac

External iliac

67
Q

Where are superficial veins found?

A

In the subcutaneous tissue

68
Q

Where do the azygos veins drain to?

A

The superior vena cava

69
Q

What is the name given to a vein joining two capillary beds?

A

A portal bein

70
Q

What is special about the sentinel lymph nodes?

A

They are the first lymph nodes draining a cancer

71
Q

What is another word for dorsal?

A

Posterior

72
Q

Where does dorsal sit closer to?

A

The back

73
Q

What is the primary function of the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Protect CNS

74
Q

Between which 2 meningeal layers is the subdural space found?

A

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

75
Q

What are the tributaries of the superior vena cava?

A

Brachiocephalic veins

76
Q

What are the tributaries of the inferior vena cava?

A

Common iliac veins

77
Q

What does the descending abdominal aorta split into?

A

The common iliac arteries

78
Q

What is the function of the azygos venous system?

A

Drains blood from the posterior thoracic wall to the SVC

79
Q

Where are the azygos veins found?

A

Immediately adjacent to the thoracic aorta

80
Q

What does the lymphatic system provide a potential route for?

A

Metastasis in cancer cells

81
Q

Which cell types are found in the lymphoid follicles?

A

Lymphocytes

82
Q

Where does the thoracic duct commence?

A

The cisterna chyli

Vertebral level L1

83
Q

Which duct drains the upper right quadrant?

A

Lymphatic duct

84
Q

What is the cauda equine?

A

Bundle of spinal nerves

85
Q

To which vertebral level does the dura mater descend?

A

S3

86
Q

Where is the spinal epidural space found?

A

Outside the dura mater

Between dura mater and the bony surface

87
Q

A vertebral venous plexus drains what?

A

Both vertebrae and spinal cord

88
Q

Where are the cell bodies situated in the spinal cord?

A

The gray matter

89
Q

How many ganglia are present in the autonomic motor neuron?

A

2

90
Q

How is the sympathetic chain situated?

A

Paravertebrally

91
Q

White rc convey fibres from?

A

Spinal cord to sympathetic chain

92
Q

Which spinal nerves contain parasympathetic fibres?

A

S2-S4

First Term Anatomy (4 decks)

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