Back and Upper Limb Flashcards
Difference between axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
Axial: The core. So, everything where the CNS would reside (Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum).
Appendicular: All else. The appendices (pelvic-pectoral girdle and limb bones)
Job of Spinal cord
Protects spinal cord, supports body weight-posture, facilitates locomotion
Breakdown the bones of the spinal cord
7 cervical 12 Thoracic (costal facets) 5 Lumbar (Large bodies, mamillary process) 5 Sacral (fused, foramina, comu, hiatus) 4 (FUSED!!!) Coccygeal
Located the curves of the spinal cord
Primary: Thoracic and sacral
Secondary: Cervical (infant lifts head) and lumbar (toddler starts to walk)
Name difference between the three abnormal curvatures
- Scoliosis: abnormal LATERAL curvature
- Kyphosis: exaggerated THORACIC curvature
- Lordosis: Exaggerated LUMBAR (LEGS) curvature
Describe the screw up with C7-C8
The spinal nerves go down all the way to L1-L2 in adults. They always start ABOVE the vertebrate. Problem is, after C7, there is a spinal nerve segment 8 but NO C8. So the nerve appears UNDER C7 (ON TOP OF T1). From this point forward, the nerve number corresponds with the vertebrate ABOVE IT instead of below it.
Nucleus pulposus
Located in the center of the intervertebral disk. Upon leakage, causes hernia and leads to nerve discomfort.
Shortens with age due to loss of proteoglycans and less bound water.
Central stenosis of vertebral canal
Caused by herniated nucleus pulposis, thickening of vertebral ligaments, and tumors.Can cause compression of the spinal cord, nerve roots, spinal nerves, and may lead to sensory and/or motor symptoms in regions supplies by these nerve fibers or more complex neuropathologies that affect pathways in the spinal cord
Foraminal stenosis of intervertebral foramina
Caused by arthritis of facet joints, herneated nucleus pulposus, etc. It may compress spinal nerve and lead to sensory and/or motor symptoms in regions supplied by these nerves
When spinal nerve roots are compressed by disk herniations between two vertebrate, which ones are affected?
Always choose the vertebrate located on the LOWER side (If between C4 and C5, answer is C5, for instance)
Intervertebral disk
Cartilaginous JOINT between vertebral bodies. Composes 25% of PRESACRAL vertebral column HEIGHT. Works as shock absorber, support, and bending. Withstands compression. It IS a part of the border of intervertebral foramen
Describe the parts of intervertebral disk
annulus fibrosus: Outside part. THINNER POSTERIORLY than ANTERIORLY
2. Nucleus polposus
Zygapophyseal joints (facet))
Helps with stability and mobility to vertebral column.
Cervical and Lumbar: flex and extend. NO ROTATE
Thoracic: Rotates,but NO FLEX/EXTENSION
Problem with Flexion of intervertebral disks
Can lead to rupture of annulus fibrosus, causing herniation of nuclus pulposus through THINNER (posterior) part of annulus fibrosus
Spondylolysis
Fracture of pars interarticularis (component of intervertebral arch between superior and inferior articular processes)
Shoulder
Overlaps thorax and back
Arm
BRACHIUM (and it’s located between elbow and shoulder joints)
Forearm
ANEBRACHIUM (and it’s located between elbow and wrist joints)
Hand
MANUS. most distal
Glendoid cavity
Located on the scalpula’s most lateral side, Connects directly to the head of the humerus
Clavicle
Collar bone
Where is a fracture most likely to occur on the clavicle? Describe how the breakage would present itself.
- fracture would likely occur in middle 1/3 of clavicle.
- Sternoclavicular muscle would be pulled upward. Acromioclavicular (lateral fragment) would be displaced downward because of the weight of the arm and its muscles.
Glenohumeral joint
Ball and socket setup. Coracoid, acromion, and coracoacromial ligament (coracromil arch) + rotator cuff prevent superior displacment of humeral head.
Sternoclavicular joint
ONLY BONY CONNECTION TO AXIAL SKELETON.
