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Anatomy (PSP Edition) > Back and Upper Limb > Flashcards

Back and Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

A

Axial: The core. So, everything where the CNS would reside (Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum).
Appendicular: All else. The appendices (pelvic-pectoral girdle and limb bones)

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2
Q

Job of Spinal cord

A

Protects spinal cord, supports body weight-posture, facilitates locomotion

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3
Q

Breakdown the bones of the spinal cord

A 
7 cervical
12 Thoracic (costal facets)
5 Lumbar (Large bodies, mamillary process)
5 Sacral (fused, foramina, comu, hiatus)
4 (FUSED!!!) Coccygeal
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4
Q

Located the curves of the spinal cord

A

Primary: Thoracic and sacral
Secondary: Cervical (infant lifts head) and lumbar (toddler starts to walk)

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5
Q

Name difference between the three abnormal curvatures

A
  1. Scoliosis: abnormal LATERAL curvature
  2. Kyphosis: exaggerated THORACIC curvature
  3. Lordosis: Exaggerated LUMBAR (LEGS) curvature
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6
Q

Describe the screw up with C7-C8

A

The spinal nerves go down all the way to L1-L2 in adults. They always start ABOVE the vertebrate. Problem is, after C7, there is a spinal nerve segment 8 but NO C8. So the nerve appears UNDER C7 (ON TOP OF T1). From this point forward, the nerve number corresponds with the vertebrate ABOVE IT instead of below it.

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7
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

Located in the center of the intervertebral disk. Upon leakage, causes hernia and leads to nerve discomfort.
Shortens with age due to loss of proteoglycans and less bound water.

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8
Q

Central stenosis of vertebral canal

A

Caused by herniated nucleus pulposis, thickening of vertebral ligaments, and tumors.Can cause compression of the spinal cord, nerve roots, spinal nerves, and may lead to sensory and/or motor symptoms in regions supplies by these nerve fibers or more complex neuropathologies that affect pathways in the spinal cord

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9
Q

Foraminal stenosis of intervertebral foramina

A

Caused by arthritis of facet joints, herneated nucleus pulposus, etc. It may compress spinal nerve and lead to sensory and/or motor symptoms in regions supplied by these nerves

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10
Q

When spinal nerve roots are compressed by disk herniations between two vertebrate, which ones are affected?

A

Always choose the vertebrate located on the LOWER side (If between C4 and C5, answer is C5, for instance)

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11
Q

Intervertebral disk

A

Cartilaginous JOINT between vertebral bodies. Composes 25% of PRESACRAL vertebral column HEIGHT. Works as shock absorber, support, and bending. Withstands compression. It IS a part of the border of intervertebral foramen

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12
Q

Describe the parts of intervertebral disk

A

annulus fibrosus: Outside part. THINNER POSTERIORLY than ANTERIORLY
2. Nucleus polposus

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13
Q

Zygapophyseal joints (facet))

A

Helps with stability and mobility to vertebral column.
Cervical and Lumbar: flex and extend. NO ROTATE
Thoracic: Rotates,but NO FLEX/EXTENSION

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14
Q

Problem with Flexion of intervertebral disks

A

Can lead to rupture of annulus fibrosus, causing herniation of nuclus pulposus through THINNER (posterior) part of annulus fibrosus

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15
Q

Spondylolysis

A

Fracture of pars interarticularis (component of intervertebral arch between superior and inferior articular processes)

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16
Q

Shoulder

A

Overlaps thorax and back

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17
Q

Arm

A

BRACHIUM (and it’s located between elbow and shoulder joints)

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18
Q

Forearm

A

ANEBRACHIUM (and it’s located between elbow and wrist joints)

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19
Q

Hand

A

MANUS. most distal

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20
Q

Glendoid cavity

A

Located on the scalpula’s most lateral side, Connects directly to the head of the humerus

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21
Q

Clavicle

A

Collar bone

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22
Q

Where is a fracture most likely to occur on the clavicle? Describe how the breakage would present itself.

A
  1. fracture would likely occur in middle 1/3 of clavicle.
  2. Sternoclavicular muscle would be pulled upward. Acromioclavicular (lateral fragment) would be displaced downward because of the weight of the arm and its muscles.
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23
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A

Ball and socket setup. Coracoid, acromion, and coracoacromial ligament (coracromil arch) + rotator cuff prevent superior displacment of humeral head.

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24
Q

Sternoclavicular joint

A

ONLY BONY CONNECTION TO AXIAL SKELETON.

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25
Q

Acromioclavicular joint

A

Direct force through upper limb results in dislocation of ACJ known as shoulder separation

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26
Q

Scapulothoracic connecrtion

A

connection via extrinsic back/shoulder muscles such as the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, and rhomboids

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27
Q

Difference between anatomical and surgical neck

A

Anatomical: extends across the head of the humerous. Goes at an ANGLE.
Surgical neck: FLAT, and it starts a little lower than the lowest part of the humeral head.

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28
Q

What elevates the scapula?

A

Levateor scapulae, rhomboids, superior trapezius

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29
Q

What depress the scapula?

A

Rhomboids, middle trapezius

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30
Q

What protracts (opens up) the scapula?

A

Serratus anterior, pectoralis minor

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31
Q

What retracts (closes) the scapula?

A

Rhomboids, middle trapezius

32
Q

What upwardly rotates the scapula?

A

Serration anterior, superior-inferior trapezius

33
Q

What downwardly rotates the scapula?

A

Levator scapulae, rhomboids

34
Q

What flexes the humerous?

A

pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis

35
Q

What extends the humerous?

A

posterior deltoid, latissmisu dorsi, teres major, long head of triceps brachii

36
Q

What abducts (separates) the humerous?

A

deltoid, supraspinatus

37
Q

What adducts (brings together) the humerous?

A

Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major

38
Q

What causes the humerous to rotate medially?

A

pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, anterior deltoid, subscapularis

39
Q

What causes the humerous to rotate laterally?

A

posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor

40
Q

Describe intrinsic back

A
  1. Attachments mainly along axial skeleton
  2. Control vertebral column movement and posture
  3. Posterior rami
  4. Erector spinae
41
Q

Describe interior shoulder

A
  1. Attached proximally at scapula-clavicle and distally at humerous.
  2. Acts on glenohumeral joint
  3. Anterior rami
  4. Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids
42
Q

Describe extrinsic back and shoulder

A

Connects axial skeleton (cranium + vertebral column + thoracic cage) to appendicular skeleton clavicle-scapula-humerus)

  1. Controls limb movements
  2. Anterior rami and CN XI
  3. Deltoid, teres major, rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis)
43
Q

Trapezius

A

Attachments: (Proximal) cranium + cervical-thoracic vertebrate. (Distally) scapula + clavicle
Innervation: (Spinal accessory nerve) CN XI
Vascular supply: Transverse cervical artery
Action: elevates/depresses scapula

44
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

Attachments: (proximal) T7-L5 vertebrae, inferior ribs, iliac crest
via thoracolumbar fascia. (distal) medial side of humerus (at intertubercular sulcus)
Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8
Vascular supply: Thoracodorsal artery
Action: Extends + adducts + medially rotates humerus

45
Q

Levator Scapulae

A

Attachments: (proximal) C1-C4 vertebrae. (Distal) superior angle of scapula
Innervation: Dorsal scalpular nerve C5
Vascular Supply:
Action: Helps trapezius elevate scalpula. Works with other muscles synergistically

46
Q

Rhomboids (Major and Minor)

A

Attachments: (Proximal) C7 to T5. (Distal) medial border of scapula
Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve C5
Vascular Supply: Dorsal scapular artery
Action: Retraction/adduction of scapula

47
Q

Erector spinae

A

Attachments: (Proximal) broad tendon. (Distal) ribs and cervical-thoracic vertebrate
Innervation: Posterior and dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Vascular Supply: Segmetally supplied
Action:Extension and flex of vertebral column

48
Q

Deltoid

A

Attachments: (Proximal) lateral end of clavicle. (Distal) Deltoid tuberosity of humerous
Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5 -C6)
Vascular Supply: Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Action: Requires help of supraspinatus for first 15 degrees of rotation. Flexes and medially rotates arm

49
Q

Teres Major

A

Attachments: (Proximal) posterior surface of scapula. (Distal) humerus
Innervation: Lower subscapular nerve (C5-C6)
Vascular Supply: Posterior circumflex humeral and circumflex scapular
Action: Adducts and medially rotates humerus

50
Q

Rotator cuff

A
  1. Holds large humeral head in place at glendoid cavity

2. SITS muscles

51
Q

Supraspinatus

A

Attachments: (Proximal) supraspinous fossa of scapula. (Distal) greater tubercle of humerus
Innervation: Scapular nerve C5
Vascular Supply: Suprascapular and circumflex scapular
Action: Induces 15 degrees of abduction at shoulder joint to rotate arm.

52
Q

Infraspinatus

A

Attachments: (Proximal) infraspinous fossa of scapula. (Distal) greater tubercle of humerus
Innervation: Suprascapular nerve C5
Vascular Supply: Suprascapular and circumflex scapular
Action: Laterally rotates arm. Note: Works with teres minor

53
Q

Teres Minor

A

Attachments: (Proximal) Lateral border of scapula. (Distal) grater tubercle of humerus
Innervation: Axillary nerve
Vascular Supply: Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Action: Laterally rotates arm. note: Works with infraspinatus

54
Q

Subscapularis

A

Attachments: (Proximal) Anterior surface of scapula. (Distal) Lesser tubercle of humerus
Innervation: Upper and lower subscapular nerves
Vascular Supply: Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Action: Both Medially rotates arm and adducts arm

55
Q

Triceps Brachii

A

(Proximal)long head at infraglenoid tubercle of scapula (Distal) Olecranon of ulna
Innervation: Radial nerve, among others. Meaning you have to try harder if you want to completely cut off innervvation here
Vascular supply: Deep brachial artery/deep artery of arm
Action: Extends forearm at elbow

56
Q

Pectoralis Major

A

Attachments: (Proximal) clavicular head to clavicle sternocostal head to sternum
Innervation: lateral pectoral nerve + medial pectoral nerve
Vascular supply: Thoracoacromial artery
Action: Adducts and medially rotates arm at glenohumeral joint

57
Q

Pectoralis Minor

A

Attachments: (Proximal) Ribs 345. (Distal) Coracoid process
Innervation: Medial pectoral nerve
Vascular Supply: Thoracoacromial artery
Action: Stabilizes scapula against posterior thoracic wall during protraction

58
Q

Serratus Anterior

A

Attachments: (Proximal) Lateral parts of ribs 1-8. (Distal) Medial border of scapula
Innervation: Long thoracic nerve
Vascular Supply: Lateral thoracic artery
Action: With superior and inferior parts of trapezius, works to rotate scalpula upward to let deltoif fully abduct.

59
Q

Describe the switches of the axillary artery

A

Subclavian artery, passes coracoid process to become axillary artery, which passes teres maror to become brachial artery.

60
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve (anterior division) motor innervation

A

all anterior arm muscles

61
Q

Median nerve (anterior division) motor innervation

A

anterior forearm muscles (except 1.5)

62
Q

Ulnar nerve (anterior division motor nerve innervation

A

anterior muscles of hand (except 5 - 2LOAF)

63
Q

Axillary nerve (posterior division) motor nerve innervation

A

deltoid and teres minor

64
Q

Radial nerve (posterior division) motor nerve innervation

A

all posterior arm and forearm muscles

65
Q

all posterior arm and forearm muscles motor nerve innervation

A

proximal muscles of shoulder and axillary walls

66
Q

Superior rami levels innervate more (blank) muscles. Inferior rami levels innervate more (blank) muscles.

A
  1. Proximal

2. Distal

67
Q

Consequences of a proximal nerve lesion

A

= supraclavicular portion
Weakness/paresis of muscles of same segmental innervation
Sensory deficit of dermatome region of skin

68
Q

Consequences of a distal nerve lesion

A

infraclavicular portion
Paralysis of muscles of same terminal/collateral nerve
Sensory loss in cutaneous nerve distribution. More specific losses.

69
Q

Biceps brachii

A
  1. Attachments: proximal is long head - supraglenoid tubercle, shorthead is coracoid process
  2. Innervation: Musculcutaneous nerve C5-C6
  3. Vascular supply: Brachial artery
  4. Action: Flexes forearm, main supinator when is flexed, and long head synergizes with anterior part of the deltoid to flex the arm a the shoulder joint
70
Q

Brachialis

A
  1. Attachments: proximal is distal half of anterior humerous. Distal is coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna.
  2. Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve C5-C6
  3. Vascular supply: brachial artery
  4. Action: Flexes forearm when protonated or supinated
71
Q

Coracobrachialis

A
  1. Attachments: Proximal is coracoid process of scalpula. Distal is middle third of humerus
  2. Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve
  3. Vascular supply: Brachial artery
  4. Action: Assists anterior part of deltoid and long head of biceps during flexion of arm at shoulder joint.
72
Q

Which side is the ulnar located? The radial side located?

A
  1. Medial side

2. Lateral side

73
Q

Cubital fossa

A

Median nerve + brachial artery + median cubital vein

74
Q

Anterior forearm muscles

A

Superfical layer: protonator teres, flexor teres, flexor cari radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris
intermediate layer: flexor digitorum superficialis
Deep layer: flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, protonator quadratus

75
Q

Posterolateral forearm muscles

A
  1. brachioradialis, anyhting that says exgensor or supinator or abductor in it.
76
Q

Hand bone joints

A

8 carpals arranged in a 4 x 2
5 metacarpals
14 phalanges

Anatomy (PSP Edition) (3 decks)

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