B9 - Respiration Flashcards
State the word equation for aerobic respiration.
glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + energy
List ways in which living organisms use energy
survive, grow, reproduce
Write the balanced symbol equation for respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 🠮 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
How is respiration an exothermic reaction?
Respiration is an exothermic process as it releases heat or energy.
Describe how heart rate, breathing rate, and breath volume change with exercise.
heart rate increases as you have to pump more blood around body.
breathing rate increases as you have to get more oxygen in and co2 out
breath volume changes to make sure more oxygen is absorbed into blood.
Why do stores of glycogen change with exercise?
glycogen reserves in the muscles become low as more glucose is used for respiration, and additional glucose is transported from the liver.
State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals, plants, and microorganisms.
glucose 🠮 lactic acid + energy
Describe why cells respire anaerobically.
When there is a shortage of oxygen, muscles respire anerobically.
Give some uses of fermentation
ethanol, alcoholic beverages, bread, yogurt
Write the balanced symbol equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms
glucose + enzymes 🠮 carbon dioxide + lactic acid
Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Anaerobic: Releases less energy than aerobic Does not require oxygen Involves breakdown of glucose lactic acid produced Aerobic: glucose broken down in presence of oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide happens in mitochondria releases more energy than anaerobic
Aerobic respiration is far more energy-efficient than anaerobic respiration.
Explain why muscles get tired during exercise.
During long periods of vigorous activity:
lactic acid levels build-up
glycogen reserves in muscles become low as more glucose is used for respiration, and additional glucose is transported from the liver.
This build-up of lactic acid produces an oxygen debt.
As body stores of glycogen become low, the person suffers from muscle fatigue.
define metabolism.
sum of all reactions on a cell or the body.
list some metabolic reactions
‘building up’ (anabolism) and ‘breaking down’ (catabolism)
describe the role of the liver in repaying oxygen debt.
When oxygen is available again lactic acid is oxidized in the liver, thus repaying the debt.
explain the link between protein consumption and concentration of urea in urine
Urea is a major nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism. High-protein diet increases the urea concentration in urine, which makes us explore whether the continuous high urea stimulation could damage the urothelium and then increase the risk of carcinogenesis
Pre test - Compare the similarities and differences between anaerobic respiration in animal and yeast cells (6 marks)
•Both break down glucose
•Both do not require energy
•Both produce ATP/energy
•Animals produce lactic acid, yeast produces carbon dioxide and ethanol
Glucose > lactic acid + energy - animals
glucose > ethanol + co2 + energy - plants and yeast
Give a function of the liver
Detoxifies poisonous substances from the blood - e.g ethanol and alcohol.
