B11 - Menstrual Cycle

Question 1

if you have type 1 diabetes, what will you need?

Answer 1

replacement insulin before meals

Question 2

why do you need replacement insulin in type 1 diabetes?

Answer 2

to help control blood sugar

Question 3

where is glucose taken after insulin is injected directly into the bloodstream?

Answer 3

to the liver and converted into glycogen

Question 4

what happens as blood sugar levels fall?

Answer 4

glycogen is converted back into glucose

Question 5

what is type 2 diabetes linked to?

Answer 5

obesity, a lack of exercise, old age

Question 6

in type 2 diabetes, what do the body cells no longer respond to

Answer 6

insulin, made by pancreas

Question 7

how is type 2 diabetes treated?

Answer 7

lifestyle changes like eating less carbs, losing weight, regular exercise

Question 8

what happens as glucose falls to a certain level?

Answer 8

pancreas releases glucagon

Question 9

which hormone controls high blood sugar levels?

Answer 9

insulin

Question 10

in which gland is insulin and glucagon made?

Answer 10

pancreas

Question 11

what is the role of the hormone glucagon?

Answer 11

when blood glucose concentration is too low, glucagon is released by pancreas to trigger liver cells to convert glycogen stores back to glucose which is released into the blood and causes blood glucose concentration to return to normal

Question 12

what is oestrogen?

Answer 12

produced by ovaries, trigger secondary sexual characteristics in females, aged 10-14

Question 13

what is testosterone?

Answer 13

produced by testes, age 11-17

Question 14

what happens on day 1-7 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 14

uterus wall breaks done. the women bleeds through her vagina. (period)

Question 15

what happens on day 7-13 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 15

blood flow stops, uterus wall builds up again, egg matures in ovaries

Question 16

what happens on day 14-17 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 16

egg is released from ovary. egg travels down oviduct, it becomes fertillised, can last around 3 days

Question 17

what happens on day 18-28 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 17

if the egg is not fertillised, uterus wall breaks down, taking egg with it.

Question 18

Describe how insulin and glucagon help control the blood sugar concentration in a healthy person.

Answer 18

-insulin and glucagon produced by pancreas
-if blood sugar levels are too high, insulin is produced/released
-allowing glucose to move from blood into liver cells
-glucose converted to glycogen
-if blood sugar levels fall, glucagon is produced/released
-glycogen converted to glucose
-causing glucose to be released into blood

Question 19

what is FSH

Answer 19

causes eggs in ovaries to mature

Question 20

what is LH

Answer 20

stimulates release of the egg

Question 21

what is oestrogen and progesterone?

Answer 21

stimulates build-up and maintenance of uterus lining

Question 22

during puberty, what changes happen to females?

Answer 22

-hips widen
-fat deposited on hips, buttocks, thighs
-eggs matured in ovaries
-menstruation starts

Question 23

during puberty, what changes happen to males?

Answer 23

-larynx gets bigger and voice breaks
-sperm produced in testicles
-shoulders and chest widen

Question 24

during puberty, what happens to both males and females?

Answer 24

-body hair grows
-brain changes
-body odour
-penis/breast grow
-growth spurt, girls stop quicker

Question 25

describe the main stages of IVF treatment

Answer 25

• giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs
• eggs collected from mother are fertilised by sperm from the father in laboratory
  -fertilised eggs develop into embryos
• one or two embryos inserted into mothers uterus