B11 - Menstrual Cycle Flashcards
if you have type 1 diabetes, what will you need?
replacement insulin before meals
why do you need replacement insulin in type 1 diabetes?
to help control blood sugar
where is glucose taken after insulin is injected directly into the bloodstream?
to the liver and converted into glycogen
what happens as blood sugar levels fall?
glycogen is converted back into glucose
what is type 2 diabetes linked to?
obesity, a lack of exercise, old age
in type 2 diabetes, what do the body cells no longer respond to
insulin, made by pancreas
how is type 2 diabetes treated?
lifestyle changes like eating less carbs, losing weight, regular exercise
what happens as glucose falls to a certain level?
pancreas releases glucagon
which hormone controls high blood sugar levels?
insulin
in which gland is insulin and glucagon made?
pancreas
what is the role of the hormone glucagon?
when blood glucose concentration is too low, glucagon is released by pancreas to trigger liver cells to convert glycogen stores back to glucose which is released into the blood and causes blood glucose concentration to return to normal
what is oestrogen?
produced by ovaries, trigger secondary sexual characteristics in females, aged 10-14
what is testosterone?
produced by testes, age 11-17
what happens on day 1-7 of the menstrual cycle?
uterus wall breaks done. the women bleeds through her vagina. (period)
what happens on day 7-13 of the menstrual cycle?
blood flow stops, uterus wall builds up again, egg matures in ovaries
what happens on day 14-17 of the menstrual cycle?
egg is released from ovary. egg travels down oviduct, it becomes fertillised, can last around 3 days
what happens on day 18-28 of the menstrual cycle?
if the egg is not fertillised, uterus wall breaks down, taking egg with it.
Describe how insulin and glucagon help control the blood sugar concentration in a healthy person.
-insulin and glucagon produced by pancreas
-if blood sugar levels are too high, insulin is produced/released
-allowing glucose to move from blood into liver cells
-glucose converted to glycogen
-if blood sugar levels fall, glucagon is produced/released
-glycogen converted to glucose
-causing glucose to be released into blood
what is FSH
causes eggs in ovaries to mature
what is LH
stimulates release of the egg
what is oestrogen and progesterone?
stimulates build-up and maintenance of uterus lining
during puberty, what changes happen to females?
-hips widen
-fat deposited on hips, buttocks, thighs
-eggs matured in ovaries
-menstruation starts
during puberty, what changes happen to males?
-larynx gets bigger and voice breaks
-sperm produced in testicles
-shoulders and chest widen
during puberty, what happens to both males and females?
-body hair grows
-brain changes
-body odour
-penis/breast grow
-growth spurt, girls stop quicker
describe the main stages of IVF treatment
- giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs
- eggs collected from mother are fertilised by sperm from the father in laboratory
-fertilised eggs develop into embryos - one or two embryos inserted into mothers uterus
