B7 - Non Communicable Diseases Flashcards
B7.1 - Aiming for 4 - Name some non-communicable diseases
heart disease, arthritis, asthma
B7.1 - Aiming for 4 - List some risk factors that are linked to an increased rate of disease
Diabetes - Lack of exercise, bad diet
B7.1 - Aiming for 6 - Classify some diseases as communicable and non-communicable
Communicable - Covid-19, HIV, Ebola
Non-Communicable - heart disease, arthritis, asthma
B7.2 - Aiming for 4 - What is a tumor?
A tumor is a mass of abnormally growing cells.
B7.2 - Aiming for 4 - State some causes of cancer
heavy smoking, bad diet, genetical reasons (potentially contribute), exposure to ultraviolet radiation
B7.2 - Aiming for 4 - List some benefits and risks of chemotherapy
Benefits - Cancer cells can be killed
Risks - Hair loss, Normal cells also killed.
B7.2 - Aiming for 6 - Describe the difference between benign and malignant tumors.
Benign tumors tend to grow slowly and do not spread. Malignant tumors can grow rapidly, invade and destroy nearby normal tissues, and spread throughout the body.
B7.2 - Aiming for 6 - Describe why carcinogens and ionising radiation increase the risk of tumors.
Carcinogens cause cancer by damaging DNA directly in cells and ionising radiation can cause cancer by also damaging DNA.
B7.2 - Aiming for 8 - Explain how benign and malignant tumors can be life threatening.
Benign tumors can be dangerous if they press on vital organs like your brain. Malignant tumors can be life threatening when cells uncontrollably grow and spread.
B7.2 - Aiming for 8 - Link a lack of control in the cell cycle to tumor formation.
cell cycle machinery controls cell proliferation, and cancer is a disease of inappropriate cell proliferation.
B7.3 - Aiming for 4 - Name the harmful substances found in tobacco smoke.
Nicotine, carbon monoxide
B7.3 - Aiming for 6 - Describe the effects of the harmful substances found in tobacco smoke
Nicotine in tobacco smoke can cause increased heart rate and could potentially lead to a heart attack if consumed often.
B7.4 - Aiming for 4 - Describe some health problems caused by poor diet and lack of exercise
type 2 diabetes, heart disease
B7.4 - Aiming for 4 - List some ways people can avoid becoming overweight.
Exercise and a balanced diet.
B7.5 - Aiming for 6 - Describe the short term and long term effects of drinking alcohol
short term effects could be hangovers and alcohol poisoning whereas long term could be liver cancer and high blood pressure
B7.5 - Aiming for 6 - Describe the effects of alcohol on unborn babies
Unborn babies can’t process alcohol so when mothers drink, the symptoms it leaves for the baby are poor growth, learning problems and potential facial problems.
B7.5 - Aiming for 6 - Describe the link between Ionising Radiation and Cancer
Ionising radiation causes cancer by directly damaging DNA.
B7.5 - Aiming for 8 - Explain in detail how drinking alcohol affects the nervous system.
Alcohol can affect several parts of the brain, contracts brain tissues, destroys brain cells, as well as depresses the central nervous system. Excessive drinking over a long period of time can cause serious problems with memory.
B7.5 - Aiming for 8 - Explain the link between radiation and cancer
The link between radiation and cancer is that radiation directly damages the DNA and causes cancer.
Keywords to know - What is the definition of benign tumors?
growths of abnormal cells that are contained in one area, usually within a membrane, and do not invade other tissues.
Keywords to know - What is the definition of cancer?
name for a malignant tumor, formed as result of changes in cells leading to uncontrolled growth and division.
Keywords to know - What is the definition of carcinogens?
agents that cause cancer or significantly increase the risk of developing cancer
Keywords to know - What is the definition of a causal mechanism?
something that explains how one factor influences another
Keywords to know - What is the definition of correlation?
an apparent link or relationship between two factors.
Keywords to know - What is the definition of ionising radiation?
has enough energy to cause ionisation in materials it passes through, which in turn can make them biologically active and can result in mutation and cancer.
Keywords to know - What is the definition of malignant tumors?
invade neighboring tissues and spread to different parts of body in blood where they form secondary tumors. also known as cancers.
Keywords to know - What is the definition of tumor?
a mass of abnormally growing cells that forms when the cells do not respond to the normal mechanisms that control growth and when control of cell cycle is lost
Explain how scientists could conduct a study to investigate the effect of e-cigarettes on human health. (6 marks)
The scientists should have a large number of volunteers, 500 each. I would make sure 1 side of 500 volunteers has e-cigarettes and the other side with normal cigarettes. Over the course of the study, I will note down the medical conditions any volunteers develop and check how their health is. To make sure my data is accurate, I will extend this study over the course of 4-6 months and spread the study over different countries over a few years. An extra thing that could help is the age and gender of the patients; we would need to have a mix of gender to see what conditions can develop and to keep the overall results reliable and valid.
