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GCSE Biology (Advanced Specification 2022 ONLY) > B9 - a Respiration > Flashcards

B9 - a Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

An exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and release energy for the cells

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2
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce lactic acid in animals and ethanol and carbon dioxide in plants and yeast. A small amount of energy is transferred for the cells

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3
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that requires a transfer of energy from the environment

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4
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that transfers energy to the environment

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5
Q

What is glycogen?

A

a carbohydrate store in animals

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6
Q

What is lactic acid

A

The end product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells

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7
Q

Which cells require energy?

A

All living cells

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8
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen —(energy released)—> carbon dioxide + water

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9
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ —(energy released)—> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

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10
Q

Why do men usually need more energy (calories) than women?

A

On average men are larger and have more muscle mass, more muscle cells mean more mitochondria requiring fuel for aerobic respiration

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11
Q

How is the cytoplasm necessary for aerobic respiration?

A

The cytoplasm is where the enzymes are made for aerobic respiration

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12
Q

How is the cytoplasm necessary for anaerobic respiration?

A

The cytoplasm is the location of the reactions in anaerobic respiration

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13
Q

How is the nucleus necessary for aerobic respiration?

A

The nucleus holds genetic code for enzymes involved in respiration

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14
Q

How is the mitochondria necessary for aerobic respiration?

A

The mitochondria contain the enzymes for aerobic respiration

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15
Q

How is the cell membrane necessary for aerobic respiration?

A

It allows gases and water to pass freely in and out of the cell. Controls the passage of other molecules

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16
Q

Why is aerobic respiration called aerobic respiration?

A

because it uses oxygen in the reaction to release energy

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17
Q

How does aerobic respiration release energy?

A

aerobic respiration is an exothermic reaction meaning that it transfers energy to the environment. Some of this energy is used for all the reactions that take pace inside a cell, the rest is transferred to the environment, making it slightly warmer

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18
Q

What type of reaction is aerobic respiration?

A

Exothermic reaction

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19
Q

What is the site of aerobic respiration?

A

The mitochondria

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20
Q

Why does aerobic respiration happen within the mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration involves many chemical reactions, each reaction is controlled by a different enzyme. The mitochondria contain these enzymes as they have a folded inner membrane that provides a large surface area for the enzymes involved in aerobic respiration

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21
Q

Do plant cells or animal cells respire aerobically?

A

BOTH plant and animal cells can respire aerobically

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22
Q

What is the need for respiration?

A

The energy transferred by respiration in cells is used by the organism for the continual enzyme controlled processes of metabolism:

  • Carry out basic functions of life, such as building or breaking down molecules
  • Enable muscle contraction in animals
  • Maintain a constant body temperature in mammals and birds
  • Plants need to perform active transport
  • Build amino acids in plants
23
Q

Why is respiration needed for building and breaking down molecules?

A

Living cells build up large molecules from smaller ones to make new cell material. Much of the energy transferred in respiration is used for these “synthesis reactions”. Energy is also transferred to break down larger molecules to small ones, both during digestion and within the cells themselves

24
Q

Why is respiration needed for muscular contraction in animals?

A

In animals, energy from respiration is transferred to make muscles contract. Muscles are working all the time in your body. Even when you sleep, your heart beats, you breathe, and your stomach churns. All muscular activities require energy.

25
Q

Why is respiration needed to maintain a constant body temperature in mammals and birds?

A

Mammals and birds need to maintain a constant internal body temperature almost regardless of the temperature of their surroundings. On cold days energy transferred from respiration helps you to stay warm, whilst on hot days, you sweat and transfer energy to your surroundings to keep cool.

26
Q

Why is respiration needed for plants to perform active transport?

A

In plants, energy from respiration is transferred to move mineral ions such as nitrates from the soil into root hair cells, against the concentration gradient, this requires energy

27
Q

Why is respiration needed for plants to build amino acids?

A

Plants use energy to convert sugars, nitrates, and other nutrients into amino acids, which are then built up into proteins

28
Q

How can you investigate aerobic respiration?

A

Limewater (Calcium hydroxide) goes from colourless and clear to cloudy when exposed to carbon dioxide. The higher the concentration of carbon dioxide, the quicker the limewater goes cloudy. This means that you can breath out onto the limewater to see if carbon dioxide has been produced due to aerobic respiration

29
Q

What happens when your muscles cannot get enough oxygen for aerobic respiration?

A

They begin to respire anaerobically

30
Q

Which is more efficient, aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration and why?

A

Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration because the glucose molecules are completely broken down whereas in anaerobic respiration the glucose molecules are not completely broken down.

31
Q

What is the end product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells?

A

Lactic acid

32
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose —(energy released)—> Lactic Acid

33
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration called anaerobic respiration?

A

Because it is without oxygen

34
Q

What is a cause of muscle fatigue?

A

A build-up of lactic acid caused by anaerobic respiration. This creates an oxygen debt

35
Q

Do animal cells or plant cell respire anaerobically?

A

BOTH animal cells and plant cells can respire anaerobically

36
Q

What is the end product of anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast cells?

A

Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide

37
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells?

A

Glucose —(energy released)—> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

38
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells known as?

A

Fermentation

39
Q

How have people made use of anaerobic respiration in yeast cells?

A

People have made use of fermentation as it is used globally in the manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks

40
Q

What is an example of microorganisms that produce lactic acid in anaerobic respiration?

A

The bacteria used in yogurt production

41
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ —(energy released)—> 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂

42
Q

What is the formula of a glucose molecule?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆

43
Q

What is Lactate / Anaerobic threshold

A

The lactate / anaerobic threshold is the point at which you begin to respire anaerobically

44
Q

Why would someone begin to respire anaerobically?

A

Your everyday muscle movements use energy transferred by aerobic respiration. However, when you exercise hard, your muscle cells may become short of oxygen. Although you increase your heart and breathing rates, sometimes the blood cannot supply oxygen to the muscles fast enough. When this happens, energy from the breakdown of glucose can still be transferred to the muscles cells. They use anaerobic respiration, which can take place without oxygen, on top of aerobic respiration to fulfil the energy requirements.

45
Q

What is the metabolism?

A

The metabolism is the sum of all the reactions that take place in a cell or body

46
Q

List 6 Metabolic reactions:

A
  • The conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen, and cellulose
  • The formation of lipid molecules from a molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules
  • The use of glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids that are then used to synthesise proteins
  • The reactions of respiration
  • The reactions of photosynthesis
  • The breakdown on excess proteins in the liver to form urea for excretion in the urine by the kidneys
47
Q

What is the liver?

A

The liver is a large reddish-brown organ that carries out many different functions in your body. Liver cells grow and regenerate themselves very rapidly. The liver is a very active organ with many different metabolic functions

48
Q

List 4 metabolic functions of the liver:

A

Detoxifying poisonous substances such as the ethanol from alcoholic drinksExcess amino acids are changed to urea in the liverBreaking down old, worn out blood cells and storing the iron until it is needed to synthesise more blood cellsRemoving lactic acid from the blood

49
Q

What is the hepatic vein?

A

The hepatic vein carries blood from the liver on to the heart with levels of food adjusted

50
Q

What is the hepatic artery?

A

The hepatic artery brings oxygenated blood to the liver

51
Q

What is the hepatic portal vein?

A

The hepatic portal vein carries blood containing digested food from the intestines to the liver

52
Q

Explain how excess amino acids are changed to urea in the liver:

A

Excess amino acids are changed to urea in the liver. The amino group is removed from the amino acid in the process of deamination. This forms ammonia, a toxic substance, which is then converted to urea. The urea passes in the blood to the kidneys and is excreted in the urine

53
Q

What is deamination?

A

the removal of an amino group from an amino acid

GCSE Biology (Advanced Specification 2022 ONLY) (16 decks)

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