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GCSE Biology (Advanced Specification 2022 ONLY) > B4 - Organising Plants and Animals > Flashcards

B4 - Organising Plants and Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the aorta?

A

the artery that leaves the heart from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to the body

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2
Q

What are arteries?

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry oxygenated blood and have a pulse

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3
Q

What is an atrium?

A

the upper chambers of the heart

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4
Q

What are capillaries?

A

the smallest blood vessels. They run between individual cells and have a wall that is only one cell thick

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5
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A

the blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

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6
Q

What is the double circulatory system?

A

the circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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7
Q

What is the epidermal?

A

the name given to cells that make up the epidermis or outer layer of an organism

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8
Q

What are guard cells?

A

surround the stomata in the leaves of plants and control their opening and closing

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9
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll?

A

the upper layer of the mesophyll tissue in plant leaves made up of closely packed cells that contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis (this layer performs the most photosynthesis)

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10
Q

What is phloem?

A

the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the plant

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11
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

the large blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

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12
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

the large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart

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13
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll?

A

the lower layer of mesophyll tissue in plant leaves that contains some chloroplasts and many large air spaces to give a big surface area for the exchange of gases

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14
Q

What are statins?

A

drugs used to lower blood cholesterol levels and therefore reduce fatty deposits in the blood vessels

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15
Q

What is a stent?

A

a metal mesh placed in a blocked or partially blocked artery. They are used to open up the blood vessel by the inflation of a tiny balloon

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16
Q

What is translocation?

A

the movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant through the phloem

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17
Q

What is transpiration?

A

the loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants through the stomata when they are opened to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis. It involves evaporation from the surface of the cells and diffusion through the stomata

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18
Q

What is urea?

A

the waste product formed by the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver

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19
Q

What are veins?

A

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. They usually carry deoxygenated blood and have valves to prevent the backflow of blood

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20
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

the large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart

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21
Q

What are ventricles?

A

chambers of the heart that contract to force blood out of the heart

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22
Q

What is xylem?

A

the non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots

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23
Q

The circulatory is system is a _______ ________ system

A

Closed double

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24
Q

What does a closed double system mean?

A

It means that blood always stays within the blood vessels and that blood flows through the heart twice on each complete circuit of the body.

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25
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

The circulation that brings deoxygenated blood to your lungs from your heart and then oxygenated blood from your lungs to your heart

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26
Q

What is systematic circulation?

A

The circulation that brings oxygenated blood from your heart to the cells all around your body and then deoxygenated back from the body to your heart

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27
Q

What is the structure of an artery?

A

They have a thick wall and then a thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres. They have a small lumen

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28
Q

What does an artery do?

A

Arteries carry blood away from your heart. This blood is bright-red oxygenated blood. Arteries have thick walls containing muscle and elastic fibres. This is because blood in arteries is under high pressure. It can be very dangerous if an artery is cut. Arteries stretch as blood goes through them and go back into shape afterwards

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29
Q

What is the structure of a vein?

A

They have relatively thin walls and have a large lumen. They also have valves to prevent the backflow of blood

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30
Q

What does a vein do?

A

Veins carry blood away from the organs towards your heart. This blood is deoxygenated and is dark red in colour. Veins do not have a pulse. They have thinner walls than arteries and have valves to prevent backflow of blood. Blood is squeezed towards the heart by the action of skeletal muscles

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31
Q

What is the structure of a cappilary?

A

Capillaries have 1 cells thick walls and are a tiny vessel with a narrow lumen

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32
Q

What does a cappilary do?

A

Capillaries form a huge network of tiny vessels linking arteries and veins. Their walls are 1 cell thick. This allows substances such as oxygen and glucose to diffuse quickly into your cells. This also allows waste substances such as CO2 to diffuse into your blood

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33
Q

What are coronary veins/arteries?

A

Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to your heart wall muscle and coronary veins take away the deoxygenated blood from the heart wall muscle

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34
Q

Which side of the heart has thicker walls and why?

A

The left side of the heart has thicker walls (especially the left ventricle). This is because it has to pump the blood all around the entire body. This requires strong muscles to make sure that the blood makes it all the way around the body.

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35
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

The deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the vena cava

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36
Q

What is the aorta?

A

The oxygenated blood exits the left ventricle to be pumped all around the boy through the aorta

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37
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

The deoxygenated blood exits to right ventricle to go to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

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38
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

The oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the lungs through the pulmonary vein

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39
Q

What is an atrium?

A

Blood enters the top chambers of your heart these are called “atria”. The atria contract together and force blood down into the ventricles.

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40
Q

What is a ventricle?

A

The ventricles are the lower chambers of your heart. They contract and force blood out of the heart

41
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A

Atrioventricular valves close to stop the backflow of blood in the heart

42
Q

What are leaky valves?

A

Over a lifetime, heart valves have to withstand a lot of pressure. This may cause them to leak or become stiff and not fully open. This makes the heart less efficient

43
Q

How are leaky valves treated?

A

Doctors can operate and replace them with mechanical heart valves. They could be made of substances such as titanium or polymers. They are long lasting, however blood clots can form around them so patients have to take medicine for the rest of their lives. Doctors can also replace leaky valves with biological valves such as valves taken from pigs or cows. These do not form blood clots. However, they only last 12-15 years

44
Q

When are artificial pacemakers needed?

A

The heart has a natural pacemaker called the SA node (it is found in the right atrium). It generates an electrical stimulus which makes the heart chamber contract/relax. the resting rhythm of a healthy heart is 70bpm. If the SA node stops working properly it can cause serious problems. If the heart beats too slowly it cannot pump blood properly. An artificial pacemaker can be inserted to correct the irregularities in the heart rate. They weigh between 20g and 50g. You will need regular check-ups throughout your life

45
Q

When is an artificial heart needed?

A

If a heart fails completely an artificial pacemaker cannot save them, in this case they would need a heart transplant. If you have a heart transplant you need to take constant medication to prevent your body rejecting your new heart. If there is not a new heart available they may need a temporary artificial heart. However, artificial hearts can have a risk of blood clot which can lead to death

46
Q

What is a stent and when is it used?

A

A stent is a metal mesh tube that is placed in an artery. A tiny balloon is inflated to open up the blood vessel and the stent at the same time. The balloon is deflated and removed, but the stent stays and holds the blood vessel open. This allows blood to pass though, reducing the risk of heart attack in people with coronary heart disease

47
Q

What are statins and when are they used?

A

Statins are prescribed to anyone who is at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. They reduce blood cholesterol levels and this slows down the rate at which fatty material is deposited in coronary arteries

48
Q

What % of air breathed in is nitrogen?

A

~80%

49
Q

What % of air breathed out is nitrogen?

A

~80%

50
Q

What % of air breathed in is Oxygen?

A

~20%

51
Q

What % of air breathed out is Oxygen?

A

~16%

52
Q

What % of air breathed in is Carbon Dioxide?

A

0.04%

53
Q

What % of air breathed out is Carbon Dioxide?

A

~4%

54
Q

What are the adaptations of Alveoli?

A

There are many alveoli and they have a spherical shape, these provide a very large surface area for the diffusion of Oxygen and carbon dioxide. Alveoli have a very thin wall and this allows for rapid diffusion of Oxygen and carbon dioxide. Alveoli have many capillaries surrounding them, this maintains a steep concentration gradient, making gas exchange rapid and effective

55
Q

Describe how air moves in and out of your lungs

A

Ventilating the lungs is brought about by the contraction and relaxation of the intercostal muscles between the ribs and the diaphragm, changing the pressure inside the chest cavity so air is forced in or out of the lungs as a result of differences in pressure. When you breath in the oxygen-rich air moves through your mouth/nose then down your trachea (windpipe). It then moves in to your bronchi before splitting into your bronchioles. Finally it moves into your alveoli (air sacs) where it diffuses into the blood

56
Q

What are the plant organs

A

Flowers, Leaves, Stem, Roots

57
Q

What is the role of a flower?

A

Flowers allow plants to reproduce

58
Q

What is the role of a Leaf?

A

Leaves carry out photosynthesis

59
Q

What is the role of a Stem?

A

Stem supports leaves and flowers, and transports water and nutrients

60
Q

What is the role of a Root?

A

Roots take up water and minerals from the soil and keep the plant stable in the soil

61
Q

What is the structure of a leaf?

A

A leaf has an upper epidermis followed by mesophyll tissue which contains palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll. The mesophyll tissue is then followed by the lower epidermis. In the lower epidermis there are gaps called stomata. There are xylem and phloem transport systems adjacent to the mesophyll tissue.

62
Q

What is the structure of a Stem?

A

A stem has xylem and phloem arranged in vascular bundles

63
Q

What is the structure of a root?

A

A root has xylem arranged in an x shape and 4 phloem around the xylem

64
Q

What does the upper epidermis do?

A

The upper epidermis covers the surfaces and protects them. These cells often often secrete a waxy substance that waterproofs the surface of the leaf

65
Q

What does the palisade mesophyll do?

A

The palisade mesophyll tissue contains lots of chloroplasts, which carry out photosynthesis

66
Q

What does the spongy mesophyll do?

A

Spongy mesophyll tissue contains some chloroplasts for photosynthesis but also has big air spaces and a large surface area to make diffusion of gases easier

67
Q

What does the lower epidermis do?

A

The lower epidermis covers the surfaces and protects them. These cells often often secrete a waxy substance that waterproofs the surface of the leaf. They also contain gaps called stomata

68
Q

What does xylem do?

A

Xylem transports water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots up to the leaves and it supports the plant

69
Q

What does phloem do?

A

Phloem transports dissolved food from the leaves to other cells in the plant

70
Q

What is meristem tissue?

A

Meristem tissue is at the growing tips of roots and shoots and is made of rapidly dividing plant cells that grow and differentiate into all the other cell types needed

71
Q

Why do flowering plants need a transport system?

A

They are multicellular and often large, this means that they have a small SA:V ratio. They have to transport glucose made by photosynthesis and water from the soil to all cells in the plant

72
Q

What is xylem?

A

the non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots

73
Q

What is phloem?

A

the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the plant, this is called translocation

74
Q

What is Transpiration?

A

Transpiration is the evaporation of water from the leaves. the water vapour passes out of the open stomata from the lower epidermis

75
Q

How does water enter the roots?

A

Osmosis

76
Q

What do stomata do?

A

Stomata can be opened when the plant needs to allow air into the leaves. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere diffuses into the air spaces and then into the cells down a concentration gradient.

77
Q

How is the opening and closing of the stomata controlled?

A

Guard cells swell with water and cause the stomata to open. To close the stomata, the guard cells lose water and return to a limp state

78
Q

How does temperature effect Transpiration rates?

A

As temperature increases, the rate of transpiration increases. This is because as temperature increases, the molecules gain more kinetic energy and begin to move faster, and the water evaporates this causes diffusion to occur more rapidly. Also, as temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis increases, so more stomata will open for gas exchange to take place.

79
Q

How does humidity effect Transpiration rates?

A

As humidity increases, the rate of transpiration decreases. This is because the diffusion of the water vapour out of the leaf is slower. This is due to the leaf already being surrounded by moist air, this makes it harder for the water vapour to diffuse out the leaf

80
Q

How does Wind Speed effect Transpiration rates?

A

As the air movement increases, the rate of transpiration increases. This is because the moving air removes the water vapour, increasing the rate of diffusion of water vapour from the leaf. A steep concentration gradient is maintained beetween the inside and outside of the cell

81
Q

How do plants control water loss?

A

Plants have a waxy cuticle that to prevent uncontrolled water loss. The stomata are also on the bottom of the leaf so that they are not facing direct sunlight. If the plant begins to lose water faster than it is replaced by the roots, it can result in some drastic measures:

  • The whole plant may wilt. Wilting is a protection mechanism against further water loss. The leaves all collapse and hang down. This greatly reduces the surface area available for water loss by evaporation.
  • Stomata close, this stops photosynthesis and risks overheating . However, this prevents most water loss and any further wilting
82
Q

What does a potometer measure?

A

the uptake of water

83
Q

Why does a potometer not measure the transpiration rate of a plant?

A

A potometer measures the uptake of water, not the transpiration rate. This is because although most water taken up by a plant is lost in transpiration, a small amount is used in the plants metabolism

84
Q

Explain how transpiration occurs:

A

Water is absorbed from the soil by the roots. The water passes through the plants to the cells in the leaves. In the leaves, water evaporates from the cells in the leaf into the air spaces between them. This water vapour diffuses out of the plant through the stomata on the leaf surface when the stomata are open

85
Q

What factors effect the rate of transpiration?

A
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Air flow
  • light intensity
86
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Light intensity increases the rate of transpiration, this is because it increases the rate of photosynthesis, causing the stomata open wider to allow more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis. This allows the water vapour the diffuse out the leaf

87
Q

What is cholesterol and why is it harmful?

A

Cholesterol is an essential lipid that your body produces and needs to function properly. However, too much of a certain cholesterol can cause health problems as it causes fatty deposits in the arteries, which can lead to coronary heart disease

88
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Coronary heart disease is when the coronary arteries that supply blood to the muscles of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty deposits. This causes the arteries to become narrow, so blood flow is restricted and there is a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle - this can result in pain, a heart attack, and even death

89
Q

What are 2 ways to combat coronary heart disease?

A
  • Stent

* Statin

90
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins?

A
  • They are a long term drug that must be taken regularly (someone may forget to take them)
  • They may have negative side effects
  • The effect is not instant
91
Q

What are the disadvantages of stents?

A
  • There may be complications during surgery

* A blood clot may form around the stent

92
Q

Why may someone with a leaky heart valve have difficulty exercising?

A

A leaking valve in the heart may cause backflow of blood to occur. This means that less blood is pumped around the body. As a result, less oxygen will be supplied to muscles and cells resulting in less aerobic respiration and therefore less energy released. This will cause less efficient muscle contraction. As a result more anaerobic respiration will occur, however the removal of lactic acid and carbon dioxide will be less efficient.

93
Q

What type of heart valve is more long lasting?

A

Mechanical

94
Q

What type of heart valve can cause blood clots?

A

Mechanical

95
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for more efficient absorption of nutrients?

A
  • Villi provide a large surface area and have a very thin wall to provide a thin diffusion path
  • Small intestine is very long increasing the time available for absorption
  • There is a good blood supply to maintain a strong concentration gradient
  • Cells have many mitochondria for aerobic respiration to release more energy for active transport
96
Q

Why would having only one ventricle make the circulatory system less efficient?

A

only having 1 ventricle would cause oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix, therefore less oxygen reaches the bodily cells

97
Q

Why may amphibians that breath through the use of gills die in water with a low concentration of water?

A

Concentration gradient is shallower therefore less oxygen diffuses through the gills into the animal. Therefore less aerobic respiration occurs so less energy is released. This will cause the metabolism of the animal to slow and they may die as a result

98
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

amino acids (it is a protein)

99
Q

How may pancreatic cancer cause weight loss?

A

Pancreatic cancer may cause reduced or no enzyme production from the pancreas. Therefore food may not be fully broken down and digested. Therefore less glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream and as a result less glucose is available for respiration so fat is used up as a fuel for respiration. This causes weight loss

GCSE Biology (Advanced Specification 2022 ONLY) (16 decks)

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