B11 - Hormonal Control Flashcards
<p>What is ADH?</p>
<p>anti-diuretic hormone that helps control the water balance of the body and affects the amount of urine produced by the kidney</p>
<p>What is the endocrine system?</p>
<p>The endocrine system is made up of the glands that produce hormones that control many aspects of the development and metabolism of the body, and the hormones they produce</p>
<p>What is glucagon?</p>
<p>Hormone involved in the control of blood sugar levels</p>
<p>What are hormones?</p>
<p>Chemicals produced in one area of the body of an organism that have an effect on the functioning of another area of the body. In animals hormones are produced in glands</p>
<p>What is insulin?</p>
<p>hormone involved in the control of blood sugar levels</p>
<p>What is the pituitary gland?</p>
<p>Endocrine "master gland" found in the brain that secretes a number of different hormones into the blood in response to different conditions to control other endocrine glands in the body</p>
<p>What is type 1 diabetes?</p>
<p>A disroder where the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin</p>
<p>What is type 2 diabetes?</p>
<p>A disorder where the body cells no longer responds to the insulin produced by the pancreas</p>
<p>What happens if a healthy person has low blood sugar levels?</p>
<p>The pancreas secretes glucagon which stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver, converting it back to glucose. In tis way, the stored glucose is released back into the blood - raising the blood sugar levels</p>
<p>What happens if a healthy person has high blood sugar levels?</p>
<p>The pancreas secretes a hormone called insulin. Insulin stimulates the glucose uptake from the blood by cells, and the formation of glycogen from glucose. In this way, the blood sugar levels are lowered</p>
<p>Why is the endocrine system needed if animals already have a nervous system?</p>
<p>The endocrine system helps long-term changes happen within the body over a longer period of time, over days or even years rather than second to second or minute to minute</p>
<p>Explain how the endocrine system works:</p>
<p>The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream. The blood carries the hormone to its target organ where it produces an effect. The target organ has receptors on the cell membranes that pick up the hormone molecules, triggering a response in the cell</p>
<p>What is the main role of hormones produced by the pituitary gland?</p>
<p>*Controls growth in children<br></br>*Stimulates the thyroid gland to made thyroxine to control the rate of metabolism<br></br>*Stimulates the sexual organs to produce hormones</p>
<p>What is the main role of hormones produced by the pancreas?</p>
<p>Controls the levels of glucose in the blood</p>
<p>Name 6 important endocrine glands:</p>
<p>*Pituitary gland<br></br>*Thyroid gland<br></br>*Pancreas <br></br>*Adrenal gland<br></br>*Ovaries<br></br>*Testes</p>
<p>Why is control of the blood glucose levels needed?</p>
<p>When you digest a meal, large amounts of glucose pass into your blood. Without a control mechanism, your blood glucose levels would vary significantly. They would range from very high straight after a meal, to very low several hours later - so low that the cells would not have enough glucose to respire. This situation is prevented by your pancreas. IT constantly monitors and controls your blood glucose concentration.</p>
<p>What happens if glucose is converted to glycogen but the liver and muscles are already at maximum glycogen capacity?</p>
<p>The excess glycogen is converted into lipids and stored. If you regularly take in food that results in having more glucose than the liver and muscles can store as glycogen, you will gradually store more and more of it as lipids and may eventually become obese</p>
<p>Explain what type 1 diabetes is:</p>
<p>If your pancreas does not make enough (or any) insulin, your blood glucose concentration is not controlled. This is called type 1 diabetes. Without insulin your blood glucose levels get very high after you eat. Eventually your kidneys excrete glucose in your urine. you produce lots of urine and feel thirsty all the time. Without insulin, glucose cannot get into the cells of your body, so you lack energy and feel tired. You break down fat and protein to use as fuel instead, so you lose weight. Type 1 diabetes is a disorder that usually starts in young children and teenagers. There also seems to be a genetic element to the development of the disease</p>
<p>Explain what type 2 diabetes is:</p>
<p>Type 2 diabetes gets more common as people get older and it is often linked to obesity, lack of exercise, or both. There is also a strong genetic tendency to develop type 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas still makes insulin, although it may make less than your body needs. More importantly, your body cells stop responding to the insulin you make.</p>
<p>What would happen if diabetes is not treated?</p>
<p>The person would waste away and fall into a coma before dying</p>
<p>How do you treat type 1 diabetes?</p>
<p>If you have type 1 diabetes, you need replacement insulin before meals. Insulin is a protein that would be digested in your stomach, so it is usually given as an injection to get it into your blood. The insulin allows glucose to be taken into your body cells and converted to glycogen in the liver. This stops the concentration of glucose in your blood from getting too high. Then, as blood glucose levels fall, the glycogen is converted back to glucose. As a result, your blood glucose levels are kept as stable as possible. <br></br><br></br>If you have type 1 diabetes you must also be careful about the levels of carbohydrate that you eat. You need to have regular meals, and exercise to keep your heart and blood vessels healthy. However, taking exercise needs to be carefully planned to keep your blood glucose levels steady. Your cells need enough glucose to respire more rapidly to produce to energy required for your muscles to work</p>
