B7 Transport in Humans

Question 1

Circulatory system

Answer 1

a system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

Question 2

“Double circulation” system

Answer 2

one loop carries blood around the lungs in the pulmonary arteries and returns in the pulmonary veins. The other loop supplies blood at high pressure to the head and body. The aorta branches to carry blood to the head and body, and returns to the heart via the vena cava.

Question 3

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 3

Valves in the heart which make sure that blood only flows in one direction. From the upper to lower chambers

Question 4

Semi-lunar valves

Answer 4

2 valves found in the arteries that leave the heart., Prevent blood falling back into the heart when the lower chambers of the heart stop contracting and relax.

Question 5

Bicuspid valve

Answer 5

2 cups. on the left side.

Question 6

Tricuspid valve

Answer 6

3 cups. on the right side

Question 7

Vein

Answer 7

to the heart (oxygenated blood)

Question 8

Artery

Answer 8

Away from the heart (deoxygenated blood)

Question 9

Why is the circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart at low pressure?

Answer 9

1) there is a short distance from the heart to the lungs
2) the wall on the left side is thicker, as it has a smaller volume. The right side has higher pressure as it is larger than the left

Question 10

Why is lung circulation of blood at a higher pressure than the pulmonary circulation?

Answer 10

1) the left side is smaller than the right side. Smaller volume= higher pressure
2) the distance from the heart to body is farther = higher pressure needed

Question 11

Cardiac muscles

Answer 11

The special type of tissue the heart is made of

Question 12

Difference between cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles

Answer 12

Cardiac muscles- cannot be controlled by the person. Skeletal- can be contracted or relaxed at will. Skeletal muscles can stay in one position for a long time. Cardiac muscles- always contracting

Question 13

Coronary heart disease

Answer 13

A condition which affects the vessels, the coronary arteries, which supply the heart’s muscle with blood, oxygen and nutrients. The coronary arteries become partially blocked, and decreases the heart function which causes pain in the chest, arm, neck or jaw. If the vessels become completely blocked, the some of the heart muscles can die and this is a heart attack.

Question 14

How does smoking increase the chances of heart disease occurring?

Answer 14

Tar and nicotine increase the formation of plaque, while carbon monoxide lowers the oxygen capacity in the blood, increasing the workload of the heart. It weakens the blood vessels and tears it, causing a clot.

Question 15

How to lower chances of coronary heart disease:

Answer 15

Eat less food with saturated fat- can lower blood cholesterol
Exercise- lowers cholesterol, high blood pressure and excess weight
Quit smoking- reduces blood pressure and damage to blood vessels
Diet- lowers cholesterol intake

Question 16

Capillaries

Answer 16

very small. Deliver blood to cells; where exchange of materials will take place.

Question 17

Features of arteries

Answer 17

Thick muscle wall, much elastic tissue, small lumen: diameter, not permeable, no valves

Question 18

Features of veins

Answer 18

Thin muscle wall, little elastic tissue, large lumen: diameter, not permeable, valves in all veins

Question 19

Features of capillaries

Answer 19

No muscle. One cell thick, no elastic tissue, large lumen: diameter, permeable, no valves

Question 20

Flow of blood in an artery

Answer 20

Short quick bursts- high blood pressure

Question 21

Flow of blood In a vein

Answer 21

Flows when you move, has valves to prevent back flow of blood

Question 22

Hepatic artery

Answer 22

Delivers blood to the liver from the heart and contains a higher concentration of oxygen than the hepatic vein

Question 23

Hepatic portal vein

Answer 23

Brings blood to the liver and flows from the small intestine. Has a very high concentration of dissolved food for a vein.

Question 24

Deamination

Answer 24

A reaction that occurs in the liver in which excess proteins are converted into urea and sugars.

Question 25

Hepatic

Answer 25

Refers to the liver

Question 26

Renal

Answer 26

Refers to the kidney

Question 27

erythrocytes

Answer 27

AKA red blood cells. Contain haemoglobin to transport oxygen

Question 28

Phagocytes

Answer 28

A white blood cell. Kill, neutralize or break down toxins in the bacteria. Engulf and digest bacteria

Question 29

Lymphocytes

Answer 29

A white blood cell. Makes bacteria clump together so it’s easier for the phagocytes to target. Produces antibodies

Question 30

Adaptations of red blood cells

Answer 30

No nucleus- more space for haemoglobin

Biconcave- increase surface area and for diffusion across cells

Question 31

Plasma

Answer 31

The liquid that the blood cells float around in ( pale yellow color)

Question 32

Function of plasma

Answer 32

Helps transport dissolved nutrients around body, provides transport medium for hormone and transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs

Question 33

Platelets

Answer 33

Small cell fragments

Question 34

Function of platelets

Answer 34

Clot blood if skin is cut or if parts of body are bruised or damaged

Question 35

Immune system

Answer 35

The body’s defence system against pathogens

Question 36

Pathogens

Answer 36

Disease causing organisms such as viruses, fungi and bacteria

Question 37

Antigens

Answer 37

The molecules that cover all surfaces of cells to give them a unique set of characteristics. They are generally fragments of protein or carbohydrate molecules.

Question 38

Antibody

Answer 38

The protein lymphocytes produce to respond to foreign pathogens

Question 39

Use of antibodies

Answer 39

Attach to the antigens of foreign pathogens and cause them to clump together. This makes it easier for phagocytes to engulf and destroy pathogens

Question 40

Phagocytosis

Answer 40

The process of clumping together pathogens so they are easier to engulf and destroy

Question 41

Donor

Answer 41

The person who gives the organ or tissue is from

Question 42

Recipient

Answer 42

The person who received the donated organs or tissues

Question 43

What is when an organ is ‘rejected’?

Answer 43

When a recipient receives a transplanted organ or tissue and their immune system recognises the antigens on the surface of the cells as being foreign and start to destroy or attack it.

Question 44

Immunosuppressant drugs

Answer 44

A drug that suppresses your immune system so it won’t attack the cells and white blood cells of your donated tissue or organ

Question 45

Pulmonary

Answer 45

Refers to the lungs