B11 Hormones Flashcards
Hormone
a chemical substance, produced by a gland (part of the endocrine system), carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver. They help regulate processes in the body. Different hormones affect different target organs.
Adrenaline
Adrenaline- a fight or flight hormone. Glucose- needed for respiration which produces energy. Adrenaline increases pulse rate, which causes more oxygen to be taken in for respiration, so more glucose is produced= more energy. Adrenaline produced by the adrenal glands, and targets vital organs like the liver and heart.
Examples of situations in which adrenaline secretion
Before playing an important game, giving a speech, taking a test, etc
The cycle of a hormone
1) Production by a gland
2) Stored until needed
3) Transported by the blood
4) Effect on target cells
5) Carried by the blood
6) Break down by liver
Hypothalamus
Part of the endocrine system. Regulates hunger, thirst, sleep and wakefulness, most of your involuntary mechanisms including body temperature
Thyroid glands
Part of the endocrine system. Regulates energy and metabolism
Ovaries/ testes
Part of the endocrine system. Influences how your blood circulates and determines your mental vigor and sex drive. It controls the menstrual cycle in women
Pituitary gland
Part of the endocrine system. Controls all other endocrine glands; influences growth, metabolism and regeneration
Parathyroid
Part of the endocrine system. Secrets the hormones necessary for calcium absorption.
Thymus
Part of the endocrine system. Helps build resistance to disease
Adrenal glands
Part of the endocrine system. Secretes hundreds of compounds incluging cortisone and adrenaline which helps reaction to emergencies. Regulates metabolic processes in the cells, water balance, blood pressure, etc.
Progesterone
A hormone produced by the ovaries. It targets the uterus and stimulates uterus lining to thicken in preparation to receive a fertilised egg
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
A hormone produced by the pituitary glands. It targets the ovaries and triggers the release of an egg from the follicle (ovulation)
Insulin
A hormone produced by the pancreas. It targets the liver and controls blood sigar levels by allowing sugar into cells and storing excess sugars as gycogen
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland and targets the kidney. It helps maintain water balance in the body
Testosterone
A hormone produced in the testes. It targets the testes and controls puberty in males
Thyroid
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland and thyroid gland. It targets the thyroid and regulates body heat production, metabolic rate, it’s for muscle tone and vigor, the breakdown of protein, fat and carbohydrates
Targets of adrenaline and their uses
Heart- increases heart rate for more beats per minute
Lungs- Increases ventilation rate (breathing rate)
Blood vessels- Vasoconstriction in the intestinal and skin regions, and vasodilation in the blood vessels serving the muscles and brain
Iris- Dilation of pupils
Body-wide- Increase in glycogen breakdown
Stress
When the hormone adrenaline is continually released, ready for action that is not taken for you
Effects of stress on the heart
It causes chest pain and increased blood pressure- the heart pumps faster, and can eventually weaken
Effects of stress on the digestive system
Gives stomach or intestinal cramps
Effects of stress on blood sugar levels
high at the beginning, but after a while, becomes low as the heart is pumping fast and using up energy
Effects of stress on the breathing system
Faster breathing
Effects of stress on the brain
Gives you headaches and migraines- there is vasodilation with increased blood pressure within the blood vessels of the brain
