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Science > B7 Master Deck > Flashcards

B7 Master Deck Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is the function of Red blood cells?

A
  • job is to transport oxygen
  • they don’t have a nucleus so they can be packed full of haemoglobin- substance that binds with oxygen.
  • bioconcave shape gives them a large surface area to absorb oxygen.
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1
Q

What four things do blood carry?

A
  • RED BLOOD CELLS
  • PLASMA
  • PLATELETS
  • WHITE BLOOD CELLS
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2
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A
  • carries nutrients( glucose + amino acids),antibodies, hormones and waste( carbon dioxide and urea)
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3
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A
  • help fight infection, attack microorganisms
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4
Q

What os the function of platelets?

A
  • Small fragments of cells

- help to clot blood at wound

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5
Q

Describe the human double circulatory system.

A

1) The first one pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen. Then the blood returns to the heart.
2) The second one pumps oxygenated blood around the body. The blood gives up its oxygen at the body cells and the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped to the lungs again.

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6
Q

Describe all the parts of the right side of the heart.

A

1) The RIGHT ATRIUM of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the VENA CAVA.
2) the deoxygenated blood moves through to the RIGHT VENTRICLE, which pumps the blood to the lungs through the PULMONARY ARTERY.

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7
Q

Describe different parts of the left side of the heart.

A

1) The left atrium receives oxygenated blood form the lungs through the PULMONARY VEIN.
2) The oxygenated blood moves through to the left ventricle, which pumps it out round the whole body via the AORTA.

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8
Q

What is the function of the VALVES in the heart and as well as the CORONARY ARTERIES?

A
  • The valves prevent black flow of blood

- there are two coronary arteries which a supply the heart muscle cells with blood.

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9
Q

Explain how chemicals are exchanged between cells and capillaries.

A

1) As blood passes through capillary beds small molecules( water,glucose,oxygen) are forced out of the capillaries to form tissue fluid, which surrounds cells.
2) these substances can then diffuse out of the tissue fluid into the cells.
3) waste chemicals ( carbon dioxide+urea) diffuse out of the cells into the tissue fluid,the into the capillaries.

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10
Q

Describe the properties and functions of ligaments, cartilage,oily synovial fluid and tendons.

A

LIGAMENTS- HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH and slightly ELASTIC to stabilise joints but allow movement.

CARTILAGE- reduce friction and acts as shock absorber like a cushion.

OILY SYNOVIAL FLUID- membranes at joint release this liquid to LUBRICATE.

TENDONS- bones are attached to muscles through tendons.
- tendons can’t stretch so when a muscle contracts a tendon pulls on the bone, transmitting the force from the muscle it the bone.

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11
Q

What is a antagonistic pair?

A
  • muscles usually come in pairs.
  • muscles can only pull on bones to move a joint.
  • so you have a pair of muscles so the joint can move in both directions.
    ( biceps and triceps are a pair of antagonistic)
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24
Q

What is being fit a measure of?

A

A measure of how well you can do physical activities.

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25
Q

What is a fitness practitioner?

A

Like a personal trainer, can design fitness regimes for people.

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26
Q

What background information do fitness practitioners need to design a fitness regime?

A

1) HEALTH PROBLEMS - Symptoms that could affect ability to exercise ( .eg.high blood pressure)
2) CURRENT MEDICATION- medication can affect ability to exercise .e.g being drowsy
3) PREVIOUS FITNESS TREATMENTS- to know what has or hasn’t worked before
4) LIFESTYLE FACTORS- cut down on them
5) FAMILY MEDICAL HISTORY- illnesses that run through families
6) PHYSICAL ACTIVITY- so it’s challenging but won’t injure the client.

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27
Q

What is your resting heart rate?

A

When your not exercising your heart rate and blood pressure are said to be at resting levels.

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28
Q

What is your recovery period?

A

The time taken for your heart rate+blood pressure to reach resting levels after exercise.

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29
Q

BMI=

A 
Body mass(kg)
                                           \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
                                            Height squared (m^2)
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30
Q

What is a healthy BMI?

A

18.5-24.9

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31
Q

Why isn’t BMI the most accurate indicator of fitness? What is an alternative indicator of your fitness?

A

BMI isn’t always accurate. For example if you are fit and muscular your BMI might be outside the ‘normal’ range because muscle is more dense than fat.

A alternative indicator is your proportion of body fat,as your fitness increases the percentage lowers.

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32
Q

Accuracy=

A

= the results should as close to the true value as possible

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33
Q

Repeatability=

A

= should give reliable results,if you repeat they should be the same.

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34
Q

Name four common injuries due to excessive exercise.

A

SPRAINS- a ligament being stretched to much
DISLOCATIONS- bone comes out of socket
TORN LIGAMENT- ligament actually tears
TORN TENDONS- A tear in the tendon that attaches the muscle to the bone.

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35
Q

Explain the RICE method.

A

REST- to avoid further damage
ICE- by reducing temperature which reduces blood flow to the area.
COMPRESSION- To help reduce swelling by preventing further damage.
ELEVATION- Reduces swelling by making it easier for the blood to return the heart.

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36
Q

Describe what a physiotherapist will do to more serious injuries.

A
  • might give RICE method

- will give therapies- advise one best exercises to rehabilitate a injury,this will slowly build up the muscle.

37
Q

How does your body keep the core body temperature constant?

A

The body has to balance the amount of energy gained ( through respiration) and lost to keep the core body temperature constant.

38
Q

how does your body measures the external temperatures and how does your body measure your internal temperatures?

A
  • temperature receptors in the skin detect the external temperature, and receptors in the hypothalamus detect the temperature of the blood.
39
Q

How does your body cool you down if you are too hot?

A

1) VASODILATION- Blood vessels close to skins surface become larger in diameter-more surface area means more blood losses heat to the surroundings.
2) SWEAT- sweat glands produce more sweat- when watering sweat evaporates HEAT IS USED,which cools your body.

40
Q

What does your body do when you’re to cold?

A

1) VASOCONSTRICTION- blood vessels close to the surface of the skin become smaller in diameter, means less blood gets to the surface of the skin meaning less heat is lost.
2) Shiver- muscles contract rapidly, increases rate of respiration and warms tissue to surrounding muscle.

41
Q

Why when eating foods that are high in simple sugars cause you’re blood sugar level to rise rapidly?

A

This is because simple sugars are digested and absorbed into your blood really quickly.

42
Q

Explain all the stages your body goes through when you eat a sugar.

A

1) Blood sugar level rises rapidly
2) Pancreas releases insulin
3) Sugar removed from blood
4) blood sugar level falls.

43
Q

Explain type 1 diabetes and how it is controlled.

A
  • were pancreas stops producing insulin, so blood sugar level can reach dangerous levels.
  • controlled with insulin, it has to be the right amount so that you don’t take to much.
44
Q

Explain type 2 diabetes and how it is controlled.

A
  • develops later in life due to bad diet, were body no longer responds to its own insulin, or doesn’t make enough insulin.
  • It’s controlled by eating a controlled diet and exercise.
45
Q

Explain why microorganisms (bacteria+fungi) are so useful on a industrial scale.

A

1) REPRODUCE RAPIDLY- products made quickly
2) Have PLASMIDS- can be genetically modified and make the product you want.
3) Have a simple BIOCHEMISTRY- not many reactions are happening in them, so you can make a microorganisms produced something that wouldn’t cause major problems.
4) they make difficult molecules that are hard to make artificially
5) no ethnical concerns- can grow as many as you like.

46
Q

What’s a fermenter?

A

Containers were microorganisms are grown in, the conditions are kept at the optimum for growth to get the biggest possible amount of desirable product.

47
Q

Name some products made by microorganisms.

A

-ANTIBIOTICS-Can be used to produce medicines on a large scale.e.g penicillin.
-FOOD FROM FUNGI- A type of single-called protein made by fungi is used to make meat substitutes for vegetarian meals.
- ENZYMES FOR MAKING FOOD- used as a vegetarian substitute.
ENZYMES FOR WASHING POWDER- enzymes produced by bacteria can be used to make biological washing powders because they help break down stains.
- BIOFUELS- yeast can be used to produce ethanol, microorganisms can be used as fuel, it’s made by the fermentation of plant and animal waste containing carbohydrates.

48
Q

What is the definition for genetic modification?

A

Genetic modification is where a gene from one organism is transferred to another.

49
Q

What can a transferred gene do?and why can proteins be made even if the gene came form another organism?

A
  • the organism with the transferred gene will then produce a protein using the instructions in that gene.
  • the gene can be made even though the gene came from another organism because all organisms use the same genetic code.
50
Q

Describe all the stages in genetic modification.

A

1) the gene with the desirable protein is isolated- it’s position is identified.
2) the useful gene is then replicated to created lots of copies.
3) gene is joined to a vector which is a carrier for the gene which makes it easier to insert into the new cell.
4) not all the new cells will be modified, vector might have not transferred properly.
5) finally, select the individuals that have been successfully modified.

51
Q

Explain how genetic modification can be used for making medicines.

A

Genetically modified bacteria have been used to make medicines cheaply,quickly and in large quantities.

1) insulin is a hormone used to treat type 1 diabetes
2) the gene for human insulin production can be transferred into bacteria
3) bacteria will be grown in a fermenter, and the human insulin is simply extracted.
4) means the insulin produced is exactly the same as humans.

52
Q

What are the stages are used to find out if have a genetic disorder or not?

A

1) TAKE A DNA SAMPLE- DNA isolated from white blood cells.
2) MAKE A GENE PROBE- A strand of bases that’s complementary to the faulty gene you are looking for.
3) USE THE GENE PROBE- gene probe mixed with the DNA. If the gene is present the probe will stick to it- their bases will lock perfectly.

53
Q

How do we find a gene probe in a sample of DNA?

A

A fluorescent chemical marker is stuck at the end of the sequence of bases so you can locate the gene probe once it’s stuck to a gene. The marker will fluoresce when you shine UV light on it.

The marker shows if the faulty gene is present, and where it’s found on the DNA sample.

54
Q

What is nanotechnology?

A

Nanotechnology is a new technology that uses tiny structures that are about the size of some molecules.

55
Q

Name some ways nanotechnology has improved packaging properties.

A
  • food can last longer- adding clay nanoparticles to plastic makes the packaging better at keeping out oxygen and moisture.
  • some nanoparticles can kill harmful bacteria
  • some packaging uses nanoparticles to change packaging properties depending on the conditions.
56
Q

Explain how stem cell technology can be used to improve packaging properties.

A

Leukaemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. Bone marrow transplants can be used to replace the faulty bone marrow in patients. Bone marrow contains stem cells that can become specialised to form any type of blood cell.

57
Q

Explain how biomedical engineering could be used to create replacement body parts.

A

1) the heart has a group that determines how fast it beats. If they stop working the heartbeat becomes irregular,which can be dangerous. The cells can be replaced with an artificial device called a pacemaker. It is implanted under the skin and it produces an electric current to control the heartbeat.
2) Faulty heart valves can also be replaced- either with animal or mechanical valves.

58
Q

Described how a closed loop works.

A

1) In a perfect closed loop system, all the outputs from processes or stores within the system are RECYCLED- they are used as other processes or stores in the system.
2) there are no inputs or outputs

59
Q

Give examples of how outputs and inputs in a ecosystem are recycled.

A

1) oxygen is a waste of plant but plants,animals and microorganisms use it for respiration
2) carbon dioxide is a waste of respiration of organisms but plants use it.
3) dead organic matter is used by microorganisms
4) mineral nutrients made form broke down food of microorganisms, nutrients absorbed by plants.
5) organisms produce large quantities of reproductive structures, the ones that don’t grow are recycled by the ecosystem.

60
Q

Explain how an ecosystem is not a closed loop.

A

-MOST ECOSYSTEMS AREN’T A CLOSED LOOP:
- organic matter of a ecosystem can be carried out by water or
air.
- organisms can migrate

61
Q

Explain what makes a stable ecosystem.

A
  • In a stable ecosystem the outputs are balanced by the inputs.For example, a lot of water from a rainforest ecosystem flows out through a river, but is balanced by the high level of rainfall.
62
Q

Why is vegetation beneficial to ecosystems?

A
  • reduces soil erosion - eg. Protect soil from direct rainfall( could break it up) also roots help bind the soil.
  • it prevents extremes of temperatures.
  • it promotes cloud formation.
63
Q

Explain how farmers cause eutrophication.

A

Farmers use fertilisers on plants which lead to nitrates from fertilised fields to was into rivers and lakes by rain. The nitrates cause lots of algae to grow at the surface of the water which prevents light from reaching the plants and other algae below. Eventually these organisms die because they can’t photosynthesise. Bacteria decompose the dead material and use up all the oxygen and since the oxygen is not replaced,animals suffocate.

64
Q

Explain how humans damage the ecosystem by taking out bio-mass.

A
  • Over-fishing removes food source for some microorganisms in the food chain.
  • Unsustainable timber harvesting removes habitats and food sources for some organisms.
65
Q

Explain how the human clearing of vegetation causes problems to a ecosystem.

A

Humans clear vegetation in ecosystems so they can grow agricultural and raise livestock.

  • they can reduce the biodiversity of an ecosystem
  • they can increase soil erosion. Can lead to silting of rivers where soil is washed into rivers- making them more likely to flood.
  • soil erosion can also lead to desertification- were land becomes infertile and so it cannot support a lot of vegetation.
66
Q

Explain how activities that creat non-recyclable waste ruin ecosystems.

A

If metal is released into a river microorganisms might eat it and store it their tissue when they are eaten by the predator- so much larger amount of metal will be stored in the predators which could kill it- bioaccumulation

67
Q

How are human systems ( households,agriculture,industry) not closed loop systems?

A
  • humans create non-recyclable waste
  • use fossil fuels which are burnt up faster than they are replaced.
  • ## fossil fuels realise waste emissions that aren’t used again
68
Q

Explain how humans rely on ecosystems.

A
  • ecosystems provide use with clean air,water and food
  • provide fertile soil that is needed to produce crops.
  • most crop production needs pollination which is done by the ecosystems.
69
Q

What does sustainability mean?

A

Sustainability means meeting the needs of today’s population without harming the environment so that future generations can still meet their own needs.

70
Q

Give some examples of how humans try to sue natural resources at a rate which can be replaced naturally.

A

1) Fishing quotas- prevents over fishing
2) people have a limit on the amount of trees they can cut
3) plant a tree for every one you cut.

71
Q

Explain how sunlight can be used as a sustainable source of energy for sustainable agriculture.

A
  • sustainable agriculture aims to meet the foods needs of today’s population without preventing future generations from meeting their own needs
  • sunlight can be used to power equipment used in sustainable agriculture.
  • will not run out no matter how much we use it, so there will be sunlight for future generations.
72
Q

Why might conserving natural ecosystems arise conflict with community needs?

A
  • communities have to decide wether causing damage to an ecosystem to get the resources they need or protecting it and receive fewer resources from it.

Science (5 decks)

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