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B7 Flashcards

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0
Q

What do your muscles do when you’re to cold?

A

They shiver - They contract rapidly

This increases rate of respiration and warms tissue to surrounding tissue.

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1
Q

When you’re too cold what do your blood vessels do?

A

The blood vessels get smaller in diameter -This is called vasoconstriction.

This means less blood is on the surface of the skin, which stops heat being lost to the surroundings.

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2
Q

Explain what happens when you eat sugar.

A

The sugar is digested and released into your blood stream.
The level of sugar needs to be kept steady so when the blood sugar level gets too high, the pancreas releases insulin which causes the sugar to be removed from the blood.

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3
Q

Give some facts about type one diabetes.

A

When pan crease cannot produce insulin.
Meaning sugar level an raise up to a dangerous level.
It’s controlled by injecting insulin.

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4
Q

Give some facts about type two diabetes.

A

Usually develops in later life due to having a poor diet.
Where body no longer responds to it’s own insulin or it doesn’t make enough.
Can be controlled by exercising and eating a controlled diet.

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5
Q

Name some products produced by microorganisms.

A

Antibiotics, food from fungi, enzymes for making food, enzymes for washing powder, biofuels.

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6
Q

Give the definition for genetic modification.

A

Genetic modification is where a gene from one organism is transferred from another.

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7
Q

Explain all the important stages for genetic modification.

A
  1. The desirable protein is isolated, it’s position on the source DNA is identified.
  2. The gene is then replicated
  3. Each gene is joined to a vector carrier for gene
  4. Vectors containing the useful gene are transferred into the new cells.
  5. Select the individual that have been successfully modified.
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8
Q

Name a couple of applications for making medicine of genetic modification.

A

Genetically modified bacteria have been used to make medicines cheaply, quickly and in large quantities.
The gene for human insulin production can be transferred into bacteria.
The bacteria can be grown in a fermenter, and the human insulin is simply extracted.

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9
Q

What are capillaries?

And what are their properties?

A

They are tiny blood vessels, which branch off arteries.
They have permeable walls.
Networks of capillaries in tissue are called capillary beds.

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10
Q

Function of red blood cells?

And their properties?

A

To transport oxygen around the body.

They don’t have a nucleus so they can be full of haemoglobin.

They have a bioconcave shape to give them a large surface area.

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11
Q

What is blood made from?

A

Red blood cells.
Plasma
White blood cells
Platelets

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12
Q

Why are microorganisms so useful on an industry scale?

A 
They reproduce rapidly,
They can be genetically modified,
Their biochemistry is simple,
They can make complex molecules that are difficult to produce artificially,
No ethnical concerns.
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13
Q

What is a gene probe?

A

A strand of bases that’s complementary to the faulty gene your looking for.

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14
Q

How is a gene probe used?

A

The gene probe is mixed with the DNA. If the gene is present the probe will stick to it - Their base will lock together perfectly.

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15
Q

What steps are taken to test for a genetic order?

A
  1. Take a DNA sample - blood sample.
  2. Make a gene probe - A strands of bases that’s complementary to the faulty gene.
  3. The gene probe is mixed with the DNA. If the gene is present the probe will stick to it.
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16
Q

How do we locate the gene probe if we cannot see it with the naked eye?

A

A fluorescent chemical marker is stuck on the end of a sequence of bases. The marker will fluoresce when you shine UV light on it.
The marker shows if it he faulty gene is present, and where it’s found on the DNA sample.

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17
Q

How has nanotechnology improved packaging properties?

A

Food can last longer - adding clay nano-particles to plastic makes packaging better at keeping moisture and oxygen out.
Some nano-particles can kill microorganisms.
Some packaging uses nano-particles to change packaging properties depending on conditions.

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18
Q

How is stem cell technology used to treat illnesses?

A

Tissues and organs grown from the stem cells can be used to treat illnesses.

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19
Q

Explain how leukaemia has been successfully treated using stem cell technology.

A

Leukaemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. Bone marrow transplants can be used to replace faulty bone marrow.
Bone marrow contains stem cells that can become specialised to form any type of blood cell.

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20
Q

What is biomedical engineering?

A

Engineering technologies to improve human health - includes creating replacement body parts.

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21
Q

Describe how biomedical engineering is used to improve human health of the heart.

A

A group of cells determine how fast the heart beats. If they stop working the heartbeat becomes irregular, which is dangerous.
The cells can be replaced with an artificial device called a pacemaker. It produces an electric current to control the heart beat.
Faulty heart valves can also be replaced with animal or mechanical valves.

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22
Q

In a ecosystem, what is a perfect closed loop?

A

In a perfect closed loop system, all the outputs from processes within the system are recycled- they’re used as inputs to other processes in the system.
There are no outputs and no inputs.

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23
Q

In a ecosystem, what is a not perfect closed loop?

A

Where there are inputs and outputs outside the loop.

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24
Q

How do large quantities of reproductive structures help an ecosystem?

A

They give off large quantities of reproductive structures because most won’t grow into adult organisms.
The ones that don’t make it are recycled in the ecosystem(.eg. Eaten)

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25
Q

Names some outputs that are lost in a ecosystem.

A

Some dead organic matter and nutrients can be carried out of an ecosystem. By air or water.
Some organisms migrate from one ecosystem to another.

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26
Q

What makes a stable ecosystem?

A

One where outputs are balanced by gains.
For example, a lot of water is lost from a rainforest ecosystem as it flows from rivers, but output is balanced by the gain of water from rainfall.

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27
Q

Explain how vegetation is beneficial to ecosystems.

A

Reduces soil erosion-Binds the soil and absorbs the water.
It prevents extremes of temperatures.
It promotes cloud formation.

28
Q

Function of plasma?

A

Liquid that carries nutrients, antibodies, hormones and waste.

29
Q

How does human activity affect Ecosystems?

A

Human activities can unbalance natural ecosystems by changing inputs and outputs.

30
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

Nitrates from fertilised fields get washed into rivers and lakes, nitrates cause lots of algae to grow on the surface. Plants below cannot get sunlight so they die out. Bacteria decompose the dead material and use up oxygen. The oxygen is not replaced as photosynthesis is only taking place on the surface. Animals that need oxygen(fish) suffocate.

31
Q

Explain how humans take biomass out of systems.

A

Over fishing removes food source for some organisms in the food chain.
Unsustainable timber harvesting removes habitants and food sources for some organisms.

32
Q

Explain how human clearing of vegetation can cause major problems.

A

They can reduce the biodiversity of an ecosystem.
Increases soil erosion, can lead to the silting of rivers, where soil is washed into rivers-making them more likely to flood because they can’t hold as much water.
Can also cause desertification where land becomes infertile.

33
Q

Explain why human systems are open loop.

A

Humans create non recyclable waste.
Many human systems use fossil fuels.
Produce waste emissions that aren’t used again.
When used, fossil fuels inputs energy into other systems.
Take a million years to form but only seconds to use, so they can’t be made again.

34
Q

How do humans rely on ecosystems?

A

They provide us with clean air, water and food.
Provide fertile soil full of minerals to produce crops.
Most crops production also needs pollination. That’s usually naturally carried out by organisms and wind.

35
Q

Definition of sustainability?

A

Sustainability means meeting the needs of today’s population without harming the environment so the future generation can meet their own needs.

36
Q

How do humans try to be sustainable?

A

Using natural resources at a rate which they can be replaced naturally:
Fishing quotas,fixed amount of something, so fish don’t become extinct.
Laws say logging companies plant new trees to replace those they’ve cut down.

37
Q

Why is the sun a sustainable source of energy?

A

It cannot be used up by human activity
It is a sustainable energy source in natural ecosystem to make food by photosynthesis.
Also sustainable for agriculture.
Sunlight can be used to power equipment

38
Q

Why does conserving natural ecosystem arise conflict in communities?

A

Communities have to decide between causing damage to an ecosystem to get the resources they need, and protecting an ecosystem but getting fewer resources from it.

39
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

To fight infection by protecting your body against attacking microorganisms.

40
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells,help blood to clot at the site of wound.

41
Q

Describe the human double circulatory system.

A

First one,pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take oxygen,then it returns to the heart.
The second one, pumps oxygenated blood around the body giving up it’s oxygen. Then blood returns deoxygenated to the heart.

42
Q

What is the right atrium of the heart?

A

The right atrium receives blood from the the vein called the vena cava, the vena cava returns deoxygenated blood.

43
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.

44
Q

What does the left atrium do?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein.

45
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it out to the body.

46
Q

Why is the left ventricle bigger than the right?

A

Because it has to pump the blood all around the body whilst the right ventricle only has to pump the blood to the lungs.

47
Q

Explain the rice method.

A

Rest- To avoid further damage
Ice-To reduce swelling
Compression-to reduce swelling and excessive movement.
Elevation-To reduce swelling by making it easier for blood to flow back to the heart.

48
Q

What are the functions of the valves in the heart and the two coronary arteries?

A

The valves in the heart prevent the back flow of blood.

There are two coronary arteries which supply the heart muscle cells with blood.

49
Q

Explain how capillaries work.

A

As blood passes through capillary beds small molecules(water,glucose,oxygen) are forced out to form tissue fluid.
Theses substances can the diffuse out of the tissue fluid into the cells.
Waste chemicals diffuse out of the cells into the tissue fluid, then into the capillaries.

50
Q

What is the function of a ligament?

And what are it’s properties?

A

Bones at a joint are held together by ligaments.

Ligaments have a high tensile strength but they are also slightly elastic meaning they help stabilise joints.

51
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

And what’s it’s properties?

A

Cartilage is used to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber.

cartilage is smooth and can compress slightly.

52
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

To lubricate the joints, allowing them to move more easily by reducing friction.

53
Q

How are bones attached to muscles?

A

By tendons

54
Q

What is the function of a tendon?

A

Tendons attach bone to muscle.
Tendons can’t stretch much so when a muscle contracts a tendon pulls on the bone, transmitting the force from the muscle to the bone.

55
Q

What is being fit a measure of?

A

It is a measure of how well you can do physical activities.

56
Q

What information is needed for fitness practitioners to design fitness regimes for people?

A
  1. health problems
  2. current medication.
  3. previous fitness treatments
  4. lifestyle factors
  5. family medical history
  6. physical activity
57
Q

What is a recovery period?

A

When you stop exercising your blood pressure and heart rate return to their resting levels- time taken is called the recovery period.

58
Q

What does body mass index indicate?

A

Is an indicator of your fitness.

59
Q

BMI=

A

Body mass(kg)
_____________
Height squared

60
Q

Why isn’t BMI always accurate?

A

You could fit and muscular your your BMI might be outside the normal range because muscle is more dense, than fat.

61
Q

Name some common injuries that can results from excessive exercise.

A
  1. sprains-ligament being stretched to far
  2. dislocations-bone comes out of the socket
  3. torn ligaments-ligament will actually teared.
  4. torn tendons
62
Q

What does your body have to balance to keep the core body temperature constant?

A

Has to balance the amount of heat energy gained and lost through respiration.

63
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Part of the brain that detects the temperature of the blood.

64
Q

When you are too hot what do your blood vessels do?

A

They get bigger in diameter- this is called vasodilation

This means that more blood gets to the surface of the skin. The warm blood looses more to heat to it’s surroundings.

65
Q

When you become too hot what do your sweat glands do?

A

They produce more sweat-when water in the sweat evaporates heat is used, which cools your body.

66
Q

Impact of desertification

A
  • biodiversity goes down
  • silting of rivers can cause floods
  • deforestation
  • eutrophication - all compost washed down.
67
Q

Lol

A

Ell

Science (5 decks)

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