B7 Flashcards
what is a non communicable disease
a disease that can’t be spread
what is a risk factor
something that can give you a higher chance of developing certain diseases
list some risk factors that are aspects of your lifestyle
smoking, drinking alcohol, overeating or lack of exercise
list some risk factors you can’t control
genes you inherit from your parents, ionising radiation, uv light from the sun
name a disease and a lifestyle factor that there is often a correlation with them
smoking and lung cancer
what is causal mechanism
where a lifestyle factor influences another through biological processes
how can a tumour form
when control of the cell cycle is lost and cells grow in an uncontrolled abnormal way
are benign tumours cancerous
no
are malignant tumours cancerous
yes
can a benign tumour invade other parts of the body
no
how can a benign tumour be life threatening
they can put pressure on vital organs as they can grow very large very quickly
can a malignant tumours invade other parts of the body
yes
how do malignant tumours spread around the body
the tumour splits up, releasing clumps of cells in the blood stream, they circulate and may lodge into another organ, and form a secondary tumour
what is the difference between cancerous cells and normal cells
cancerous cells spread more quickly and live for longer
what is often the cause of breast and ovarian cancer
genetic risk factors
what causes most cancers
mutations and ionising radiation
what chemicals can cause mutations
asbestos and tar
what is a carcinogen
a chemical that causes cancer
what are examples of ionising radiation
x rays and UV light from the sun
what causes 15% of UK cancers
viral infections
what is radiotherapy
cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation, this stops mitosis in cancer cells but can also damage healthy cells
what is chemotherapy
where chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells from dividing or making them self destruct
what are some lifestyle risk factors for getting cancer
smoking, obesity and UV exposure
what is nicotine
an addictive drug
what is carbon monoxide
a poisonous gas found in cigarettes that takes up oxygen carrying capacity in your lungs
after a cigarette how much of your blood is carrying carbon monoxide rather than oxygen
10%
what can smoking during pregnancy cause
premature babies, stillbirths and low birth weight babies
what can happen to a fetus when a woman smokes while pregnant
it may not grow properly as the woman provides oxygen for the baby, and when she smokes she has higher levels of carbon monoxide, meaning the baby may not get enough oxygen
what do carcinogens do to the cilia in the trachea
they make them stop working
what happens when the cilia stop working
they allow dirt and pathogens into the lungs, increasing the risk of infections
what is bronchitis
infection and inflammation of the bronchi
what causes bronchitis
tar
what can build up of tar in the lungs cause
breakdown of the structure of alveoli
what is COPD and what does it do
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can reduce the volume to surface area ratio of the lungs, leading to severe breathlessness and eventually death
what other diseases can tar cause
lung cancer and throat cancer
what is cardiovascular disease
disease in the blood vessels or heart
what does nicotine do to the heart
it increases the heart rate
what diseases do the chemicals in smoking make more likely
coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease
can smoking cause blood clots to form
yes
what can blood clots cause
heart attacks and strokes
what health problems can obesity lead to
type 2 diabetes, high blood and heart disease
can exersice levels affect your chance of getting cardiovascular disease
yes, the more you exercise the less likely you are to develop cardiovascular disease
what are some causal mechanisms to do with exercise
you have more muscle tissue, meaning you are less likely to be overweight, reducing the risk of arthritis, high blood pressure and diabetes
what does having low blood cholesterol levels cause
it reduces your risk of fatty deposits building up in your coronary arteries, lowering your risk of heart disease
what is type 2 diabetes
where your body doesnt make enough insulin to control blood sugar levels
what are risk factors for type 2 diabetes
not exercising, being overweight or obese
is type 2 diabetes reversable
yes if people exersice and eat a balanced diet
how does alcohol affect the body
it can affect reaction time, thought processes and reflexes it can sometimes lead to lack of self control and lack
of judgement
what happens when someone becomes addicted to alcohol
their brain and liver suffer long term damage
is alcohol a carcinogen
yes it an cause liver cancer
