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Biology > B7 > Flashcards

B7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Habitat?

A

the environment in which an organism lives e.g. elephants live in grasslands

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2
Q

Population?

A

Total number of organisms of the same species living in the same geographical area

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3
Q

Community?

A

The populations of all the different species that live in the same habitat

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4
Q

Biotic?

A

living

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5
Q

Ecosystem?

A

both the biotic and the abiotic parts of an environment and how they interact

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6
Q

Why do living organisms have to compete with each other?

A

because there is only a short supply of resources such as food and water

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7
Q

4 things that plants compete for?

A

light
space
water
mineral ions from the soil

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8
Q

What 2 things do animals compete for?

A

Food
Water

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9
Q

Why do animals compete for food and water?

A

for mating partners and territory

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10
Q

Interdependence?

A

All of the different species in a community depend on each other
e.g. lions eat animals such as zebras and gazelles
e.g. zebras and gazelles eat grass and shrubs

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11
Q

Why do animals depend on trees?

A

they provide shelter from the sun

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12
Q

how do plants depend on animals?

A

Many plants depend on bees to spread their pollen

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13
Q

How could losing one part of an of an ecosystem affect other animals?

A

for example, if all plants died, then there would be no food for zebras and gazelles leading to the population falling

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14
Q

Stable community?

A

In most communities, the populations of the different species remain fairly constant

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15
Q

abiotic?

A

non-living parts on an ecosystem e.g. water, light intensity, temperature

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16
Q

what are the four different biotic factors?

A

availability of food e.g. lions eat zebras

Arrival of a new predator species - can cause the population of a prey species to fall

competition - if a species is outcompeted then its population can fall so much that they could go extinct

New pathogens - if an infectious disease spreads it can wipe out a population of species

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17
Q

What are the first 2 abiotic factors?

A

Light intensity - all plants need life to carry out photosynthesis

Temperature - Animals could migrate away from the hot area and plants could disappear, water evaporation

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18
Q

Next two abiotic factors?

A

Wind intensity and direction - strong winds blowing inland from the sea can cause plants to lose water

carbon dioxide and oxygen - carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis and if these levels fall, then the rate of photosynthesis decreases, oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration

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19
Q

4 structural adaptations of camels to the hot and dry conditions of a desert?

A

humps - store fat in one place, which allows heat loss from other parts of the body and reduces water loss from sweating

Thick coat on the upper surface - insulates the top of the camel from the heat of the sun

Leathery mouth - able to chew plants which have thorns

Long eyelashes - keep dust out of the eyes

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20
Q

2 functional adaptations of camels to the hot and dry desert?

A

They produce concentrated urine and dry faeces to reduce water loss

can tolerate very large changes in body temperature

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21
Q

behavioural adaptation of a kangaroo rat?

A

nocturnal, this avoids the heat of the desert, and during the day they live in burrows underground to keep them cool and away from predators

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22
Q

Structural adaptations of an arctic fox?

A

Thick fur and fur on soles of the feet
providing insulation

Small ears - reduces the surface area of the fox, reducing heat loss

Camouflage- helps to hunt its prey

23
Q

3 adaptations of a cactus in the desert?

A

small or no leaves to reduce water loss

Spines - protects the cactus from animals

extensive roots - allows them to catch as much water as possible after rainfall, then store it

24
Q

extremophiles?

A

organisms adapted to live in very extreme conditions e.g. bacteria living in a deep sea vent where there is very high temperatures and pressures

25
Q

What does every food chain start with?

A

A producer e.g. grass, leaves

26
Q

Why are producers so important?

A

They are the sort of all the biomass in a community (organic material made from plants and animals)

27
Q

What are the organisms called that eat the producers?

A

primary consumers

28
Q

what is the organism called that eats the primary consumer?

A

secondary consumer

29
Q

What is the organism called that eats a secondary consumer?

A

tertiary consumer

30
Q

What is the consumer called that kills and eat other animals?

A

Predators e.g. fox

31
Q

why does the number of prey rise and fall in cycles?

A

for example rabbits and foxes

if the number of prey increases due to warmer weather and more grass, this means there’s more prey for the predators to eat, therefore it falls again

32
Q

Why does the number of predator rise and fall in cycles?

A

For example rabbits and foxes

at the point when there’s a lot of rabbits, there will be more predators because there’s more food to eat therefore they can survive. However when they’ve eaten a lot of the rabbits and the number of rabbits falls, the population of foxes will also fall due to the lack of food.

33
Q

why can the population of rabbits increase again?

A

Because at the point when there is less foxes, they are less like to get eaten, therefore more can survive

34
Q

What is a quadrat used for sampling and how do we use it?

A

a square with mini squares inside. place it on the ground and then count the number of organisms inside the quadrat.

35
Q

How to get more valid results when using quadrants for random sampling?

A

Repeat the process multiple times

36
Q

Total population size=?

A

total area/area sampled X number of organisms counted in sample

37
Q

Transect and how do we use it?

A

to investigate whether the number of species change as me move across a habitat. it’s simply a line such as a tape, measure or piece of rope. then use a quadrat to count the number of organisms at intervals on the transect to see how to number of organisms change

38
Q

How does the carbon cycle start?

A

With carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

39
Q

what is the only way that carbon can into the carbon cycle?

A

By photosynthesis

40
Q

What does carbon dioxide do in photosynthesis?

A

Combines with water to make the sugar glucose

41
Q

The carbon cycle?

A

Carbon dioxide starts in the atmosphere. plants and algae take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in photosynthesis. then when plants and algae respire, some of the carbon is released back into the atmosphere. because animals eat plants, the carbon in the plants can be taken into the animals which becomes part of the carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the cells of animals. finally, when animals respire, some of the carbon is released back into the atmosphere. carbon is also released through animals and plants waste products.

42
Q

What is the water like in precipitation?

A

Always fresh

43
Q

Biodiversity?

A

the variety of all the different species of organisms on earth e.g. biodiversity in the amazon rainforest

44
Q

what does it mean if an ecosystem has a high-level of biodiversity?

A

that there are lots of different different species and this makes an ecosystem more stable.

45
Q

why are large areas of forest being destroyed to provide land?

A

for ricefields or for grazing cattle

46
Q

how does water pollution happen in the UK?

A

Untreated, sewage, water and fertilisers from farmers. these cause the oxygen levels to fall and kill the aquatic organisms.

Also toxic chemicals from factories are released into rivers

47
Q

Peat (bogs and lands)?

A

contain large amounts of dead plant materials, which tells us that decay is very slow in that area

48
Q

One problem with peat?

A

Once it has been extracted and used for compost, it begins to decay which releases large amounts of carbon dioxide.

49
Q

Why do farmers still use peat?

A

because it is cheap

50
Q

Peer review?

A

evaluation of scientific or professional work by others working in the same field.

51
Q

Why is peer review good/important?

A

makes sure information is valid and true

52
Q

What could happen with insects in the UK if global warming keeps happening?

A

more insects could spread to the UK like mosquitos and spread diseases like malaria as they can now live in the warmer climate of the UK

53
Q

What is a positive of global warming for crops?

A

As the temperature increases, we may be able to grow crops such as grapes in parts of the UK where we cannot today

54
Q

Field margins?

A

Farmers leave a strip of land around their growing fields where wild plants and animals can live to help preserve biodiversity

Biology (4 decks)

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