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Biology > B6 > Flashcards

B6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What sort of condition can enzymes and cells only work in?

A

very stable conditions, therefore will not work well if the conditions around them change too much

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2
Q

Homeostasis?

A

The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function

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3
Q

Example of homeostasis in an athletes body?

A

to keep the blood glucose levels, temperature and water levels constant

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4
Q

3 Features of an automatic control system?

A

receptor cells

Coordination centre

Effector

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5
Q

what do receptor cells do?

A

Detect changes in the environment (body’s internal conditions)

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6
Q

what is a stimulus?

A

A change to the environment e.g. heat of a candle

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7
Q

what is the coordination centre?

A

Receptor cells now pass information to a coordination centre e.g. brain, spinal cord. it processes the information. now send instructions to the effector.

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8
Q

What is an effector?

A

muscle or gland. It carries out the response and restores the optimum level

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9
Q

How do receptors send electrical impulses to the central nervous system?

A

Through neurones (nerve cells)

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10
Q

What is a key role of the nervous system?

A

enables humans to react to their surroundings and co ordinate their behaviour

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11
Q

Endocrine system?

A

How our body is controlled by hormones

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12
Q

What do glands in the endocrine system do?

A

they secrete hormones directly into the blood, which carries the hormones around the body

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13
Q

Which system has a slower effect but a longer lasting effect?
Endocrine system or nervous system?

A

Endocrine, but the effect is longer lasting

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14
Q

What do the hormones that are released from the pancreas do?

A

they control the concentration of glucose in the blood

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15
Q

What sort of hormones do the ovaries and testes release?

A

hormones involved in puberty and reproduction

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16
Q

What sort of hormones do the thyroid glands produce?

A

hormones involved in growth and how rapidly the body’s reactions take place (neck area)

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17
Q

What sort of hormones do adrenal glands release?

A

adrenaline hormones which is produced in time of fear and stress (lung area)

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18
Q

What sort of hormones do the pituitary gland release? (master gland as it is the most important)

A

a number of different hormones into the blood depending on the condition. They act on other glands, and can trigger a range of different effects in the body

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19
Q

What is glucose needed by every cell for and why is this important?

A

to release energy by respiration, therefore, it is very important that the concentration of glucose in the blood is kept as constant as possible

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20
Q

When can blood glucose rise and what happens?

A

After eating a meal rich in carbohydrates, which then the pancreas releases the hormone insulin which takes away glucose from the blood and stores it (glycogen)

21
Q

What happens to a person with type one diabetes after their glucose concentration rises?

A

it stays at a high level because the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin

22
Q

what happens to the body cells in people with type 2 diabetes?

A

the body cells stop responding to insulin produced by the pancreas

23
Q

How can type two diabetes be treated?

A

with a diet containing a controlled level of carbohydrates

24
Q

what happens if the blood glucose concentration falls e.g. inbetween meals?

A

then the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon into the bloodstream which triggers liver cells to convert glycogen stores back to glucose

25
Q

What do hormones do when they travelling the bloodstream?

A

Trigger effects in their specific target organs

26
Q

Ovulation?

A

every 28 days and egg is released

27
Q

How does period happen?

A

if the egg does not get fertilised in both the egg and the uterus lining are released

28
Q

what does the follicle stimulating hormone do?

A

Causes an egg to mature in the ovary

29
Q

what does the luteinising hormone cause the egg to do?

A

To be released (ovulation)

30
Q

What do the hormones oestrogen and progesterone do?

A

involved in maintaining the uterus lining in case the egg is fertilised and implants

31
Q

how do all the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle interact?

A

firstly, FSH is released by the pituitary gland, which travels in the blood to the ovaries, where it causes an egg to mature and triggers the ovaries to make oestrogen, which causes the lining of the uterus to become thick. Now the pituitary gland releases luteinising hormone, which triggers ovulation. Now the ovary produces progesterone

32
Q

What are the 2 effects of progesterone?

A

it stops the pituitary gland from releasing FSH and LH to prevent any more eggs being released

it keeps the lining of the uterus thick in case a fertilised egg implants

33
Q

what happens to the levels of progesterone if fertilisation does not take place?

A

The level of progesterone falls

34
Q

Contraception?

A

ways to prevent fertilisation

35
Q

how does the pill work?

A

They contain hormones, which prevent the body from producing the hormone FSH (which causes an egg to mature

36
Q

advantage and disadvantage of the contraceptive pill

A

Highly effective if taken correctly

Must be taken everyday

37
Q

what other hormonal forms of contraception can be used to prevent progesterone?

A

implant, skin patch or an injection

38
Q

what do spermicides do?

A

Kill or disable sperm

39
Q

sterilisation?

A

surgical forms of contraception

40
Q

what is a fertility drug?

A

FSH and LH are given to a woman which causes the woman to ovulate more than usual

41
Q

in vitro fertilisation (IVF)?

A

fertilisation takes place outside the body. firstly, the woman is treated with FSH and LH which causes several eggs to mature. then these eggs and sperm are collected from the parents and used to fertilised eggs in a laboratory. finally, when the embryo is created, they are inserted back into the mothers womb.

42
Q

3 problems with IVF?

A

The success rate is not very high

physically demanding on the mother

some embryos will be destroyed, which some people say is unethical

43
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

top of the kidneys

44
Q

what does adrenaline cause the body to do?

A

causes heart to beat faster which means more oxygen and glucose are delivered to the brain and muscles which is needed for aerobic respiration which prepares the body for fight or flight

45
Q

Two Effects of the thyroxine gland?

A

makes the bodies chemical reactions take place at a faster rate

plays an important role in growth and development

46
Q

What is the level of thyroxine in the blood controlled by?

A

negative feedback

47
Q

Nervous system stages?

A

Receptor in the skin detects a stimulus (the change in temperature).
Sensory neurone sends electrical impulses to relay neurone, which are located in the spinal cord. They connect sensory neurones to motor neurones.
Motor neurone sends electrical impulses to an effector.
Effector produces a response (muscle contracts to move hand away).

48
Q

What do Insulin and Glucagon do?

A

Insulin lowers your blood sugar level. Glucagon naturally raises it. Your body uses these two hormones to balance out your blood sugar level to keep it in a healthy range

Biology (4 decks)

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