B6.3 Monitoring and maintaining health + Non-communicable diseases

Question 1

Disease

Answer 1

Condition caused by any part of the body not functioning properly,
causing physical effects

Question 2

Different between communicable and non-communicable disease

Answer 2

Communicable diseases - diseases that can be spread between organisms - infectious or contagious disease

Non-communicable diseases - diseases that cannot be spread between organisms

Question 3

Health

Answer 3

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being (as defined by the WHO)

Question 4

Pathogen

Answer 4

Microorganism which causes disease
Examples:
Fungi
Bacteria (e-coli)
Virus
Protozoa

Question 5

Why are people with HIV more likely to catch tuberculosis

Answer 5

HIV causes AIDs
Weakens their immune system
Makes them more susceptible to infection with tuberculosis and other infections

Question 6

How can pathogens be spread between animals

Answer 6

Droplet infection - respiratory system, inhaling pathogens
Eating contaminated food or drink - digestive system
Through cuts in the skin
Sharing needles
Direct contact
Sexual intercourse

Question 7

How can pathogens spread between plants

Answer 7

Vectors such as insects
Wind - fungal spores blown
Direct contact with sap of infected plant

Question 8

Ways spread of animal disease can be reduced

Answer 8

Covering mouth/nose when coughing/sneezing
Not touching infected people of objects
Using protection - protective suits, masks, shields
Not sharing needles
Hand washing
Cooking food properly
Drinking clean water
Insect repellent / nets

Question 9

Methods of prevening diesease in plants and animals used in farming

Answer 9

Burning dieseased plant material
Herd slaughtering - BSE, foot and moth diseasw
Drugs & isolation of diseased animals
Movement / transport bans upon diesease animals
Chemical dips to kill pathogens upon aminals and footwear
Vaccination programs
Fungicides
Pesticides

Question 10

Bacterial disease affecting humans

Answer 10

Samonella - Found in raw meat, eggs, unwashed raw vegetables and unpasturised milk
Transimmted by ingesting infected food
Symptoms = fever, sickness and diarrhoea

Campylobacter - Found in raw meat, unpasturised milk and untreated water
Transmitted by ingesting infected food
Symptoms = fever, sickness and diarrhoea

E.Coli - Found in raw and undercooked meat, unpasturised milk and dairy products
Transimmted by ingesting infected food. Symptoms = fever, sickness and diarrhoea

Question 11

Bacterial disease affecting plants

Answer 11

Crown gall disease (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)
Transmitted through cuts in the stems of plants
Plants display tumor type growths
Tumours encircle stem / trunk cutting off flow of sap

Question 12

Viral disease that affects humans

Answer 12

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - Transmitted through bodily fluids
Symptoms: rash and fever like symptoms (intial), invades immune cells preventing them from producing antibodies, leading to AIDs

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) - Transmitted through sexual intercourse
Symptoms: throat warts, cancers of the genitals, head, neck, and throat

Question 13

Viral disease that affects plants

Answer 13

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
Transmitted through direct contact
Symptoms include spots and a yellow coloured mosaic pattern
Infects chloroplasts of plant leaves and reduces plant’s ability to photosynthesise

Question 14

Fungal disease that affects animals

Answer 14

Athletes foot
Transmitted through direct contact or contact with skin particles (on shared towels/socks/shoes)
Dry cracked skin between the toes

Question 15

Fungal disease that affects plants

Answer 15

Erysiphe graminis (barley powdery mildew)
Transmitted through vectors like aphids in cold damp environments
Symtpoms include powdery growth and yellowing on the opposite side of the leaf

Question 16

Physical plant defences against disease

Answer 16

Thick cell wall
Waxy cuticle

Question 17

How plants use chemical defences to prevent disease

Answer 17

Insect repellents to repel insect vectors e.g. pine resin & citronella

Insecticides e.g. pyrethrins made by chrysanthemums

Antibacterial compounds e.g. phenols which disrupts bacterial cell walls & defensins which disrupts bacterial cell membranes

Antifungal compounds e.g. chitinases which breakdown fungal cell walls and caffeine which is toxic to fungi and insects

Antimicrobial chemicals e.g. cyanide production when plant cell attacked

Question 18

How plant disease can be identified

Answer 18

Analysis DNA to see whether the plant contains any pathogen DNA
Antigen detection to find any foreing antigens present in the plant
Obervation of symptoms
Microscopy

Question 19

Function of platelets

Answer 19

Small fragments of cells that are involved in blood clotting

Question 20

How a scab forms

Answer 20

Skin is cut and starts to bleed
Platelets change the blood protein fibronogen into fibrin which is fiberous
Fibrin forms a network of fibres in the cut
Red blood cells are trapped in the fibre to form a clot
The clot hardens to form a scab

Question 21

Human body’s defence mechanisms against microorganisms

Answer 21

Skin - Physical barrier - sweat glands produce oils the help to kill microorganisms

Scabs - prevent microorganisms entering via wounds

Stomach acid - low pH kills pathogens

Cillia & mucas in airways - trap & waft

Nasal hairs

Tears - contain lysozymes kill pathogens

Earwax

White blood cells - phagocytes & lymphocytes

Question 22

Function of white blood cells

Answer 22

Phagocytes are involved in phagocytosis - engulfing pathogens and then producing enzymes that digest the microorganism (non-specific)

Lymphocytes make antitoxins or antibodies (specific)

Question 23

Antibodies

Answer 23

Proteins found on surface of lymphocytes (white blood cells) that bind to antigens upon surface of microorganism
Once bound the pathogen can be engulfed by a phagocyte cell
Each antibody only binds to one type of antigen
New antibodies must be made by lymphocytes every time a new type of microorganism enters the body (primary response)
WBCs are able to make the same antibodies more quickly if infection occurs again (secondary response)

Question 24

Monoclonal antibodies

Answer 24

Laboratory generated antibodies used in diagnositcs and treatment

Question 25

How monoclonal antibodies are produced

Answer 25

Genetically modified mice are injected with antigens:
The mouse produces an immune response producing lymphocytes with antibodies specific to the antigen
The antibody prodcuning lymphocytes are collected and fused with myeloma (cancer) cells from the bone marrow
The fused cell is called a hybrioma
The hybridoma grows rapidly forming clones which produce the antibody
The antibody is harvested = monoclonal antibodies

Question 26

Uses of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 26

Pregnancy tests
Detection of cancerous tissue
Drug delivery to cancer cells
Identificaton of pathogens
Drug testing

Question 27

Difference between anitbiotic and antivirals

Answer 27

Antibiotics kill bacteria
Antivirals inhibit reproduction of viruses

Question 28

Antiseptics

Answer 28

Substances applied external to the body to kill pathogens

Question 29

How vaccines work

Answer 29

Dead or inactive pathogens are injected into the body
Antigens in vaccine stimule lymphocytes to make antibodies against the pathogen
Antibodies lead to the destruction of antigens without risk of you getting the disease
Memory cells are created to provide long term immunity

Question 30

“Halo” around discs of bacterial growth called, caused by antibiotics

Answer 30

Zone of inhibition

Question 31

Aseptic technique

Answer 31

Approach to working, which prevent cross-contamination from unwanted microorganisms

Question 32

Important steps when culturing microorganisms in the laboratory

Answer 32

Clean surfaces with alcohol
Wear gloves
Autoclave glassware and apparatus before and after use
Keep the culture closed until it is needed
Use a bunsen burner to sterilise wire loop
Work close to the bunsen burner flame

Question 33

Stages in development of new medicines

Answer 33

Research the drug and test it upon lab grown cells
Test the drug upon animals - data from TWO animal species required in the UK before testing upon humans
Clinical trial 1 - test upon healthy volunteers
Clinical trial 2 - test upon a small sample of people with the disease
Clinical trial 3 - test upon a large number of people with the disease
If all stages passed approval granted by the MRHA
Continued studies undertaken after approval to monitor side effects

Question 34

3 R’s principle

Answer 34

Reduction - smallest number of animals possible
Refinement - improving experiements to avoid unnecessary suffering and improve animal care
Replacement - where possible, replacing animals with other techniques e.g. cell cultures or computer models

Question 35

Non-communicable diseases

Answer 35

Coronary Heart disease
Bonchitis
Diabetes mellitis type 1 & 2
Cancer
Liver cirrhosis
Alzheimer’s Disease
Epilepsy
Osteoarthritis
Osteoporosis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke)
Coronary Artery Disease

Question 36

Commonly identified harmful substances in tobacco smoke

Answer 36

Tar - Sticks cillia together preventing them wafting mucus away from the lungs causing smokers cough
Collects in the lungs
Carginogenic

Nicotine - Addictive drug
Makes your heart beat faster, narrows blood vessels leading to increase blood pressure & stoke

Carbon monoxide - Attaches to the haemoglobin in RBCs stopping oxygen from binding making the heart work harder leading to CHD

Particulates - small peices of solid
These are engulfed by WBCs relesing an enzyme that weakens the walls of alveoli preventing proper inflation - emphysema

Question 37

Treatments are available for cardiovascular disease

Answer 37

Angioplasty - A stent can be surgically implanted to keep arteries open
Statins can be taken to lower cholesterol levels
Pacemakers can be inserted to maintain heart rhythm
Heart transplant or artificial valves can be inserted
Betablockers can be taken to lower blood pressure
Nitrates can be taken to widen blood vessels allowing more blood to flow through at a lower pressure
Antiplatelets to reduce stickiness of blood platelets and therefore clotting
Bypass surgery using vessels from other areas of the body

Question 38

Lifestyle changes a person with cardiovascular disease should make

Answer 38

Healthy balanced diet - reducing processed foods
Exercise more
Drink less alcohol
Stop smoking

Question 39

What is meant by cancer

Answer 39

Disease where cells in the body begin to divide uncontrollably

Question 40

How embryonic stem cells are used to treat medical conditions

Answer 40

Testing new drugs for safety and effectiveness
Growth of tissues/organs with no concern of rejection

Reversing damaged caused by disease by:
Manufacturing brain cells - Parkinson’s
Rebuilding bones and cartillage - arthritis
Making replacement heart valves

Question 41

How risk of rejection is minimised in transplantation

Answer 41

Tissue matching
Immunosuppresant drugs

Question 42

Risks associated with the use of stem cells in medicine

Answer 42

Long-term side effects unknown
Rejection of foreign materials
Potential increased risk of cancer
Ethical issues surrounding use of embryonic stem cells

Question 43

Gene therapy

Answer 43

Placement of a fully functioning allele into a cell containing a faulty allele for the same gene

Question 44

Benefit and risk of gene therapy

Answer 44

Benefits - Replacement of faulty genes, reversal of chronic disease, lasting results, improvement in life quality

Risks - Virus used to deliver could cause harm, increased risk of cancer, inflammatory response, sepsis, infection, targeting wrong cells

Question 45

Personalised medicine

Answer 45

Preventing and treating diseases tailored specifically to the patient’s GENOME