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Biology OCR GCSE > B1.3 Respiration > Flashcards

B1.3 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrates are organic molecules that contain

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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2
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

Individual molecules that build up carbohydrates:
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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3
Q

Disaccharides can be formed from

A

2 monosaccharides:
Glucose + fructose = sucrose
Galactose + glucose = lactose
Glucose + glucose = maltose

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4
Q

Carbohydrates are normally stored as

A

Polysaccharides:
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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5
Q

Proteins are organic molecules that all contain…

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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6
Q

Proteins are made from…

A

Around 20 amino acid monomers

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7
Q

Amino acids are linked together by…

A

Peptide bonds to form polypeptides high form proteins

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8
Q

Protease

A

Enzyme that breaks proteins down into amino acids

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9
Q

Difference between anabolism and catabolism

A

Anabolism = biosynthesis, building up of large molecules from small molecules
Catabolism = biodegration, the breaking down of large molecules into smaller molecules

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10
Q

Enzyme that breaks down maltose

A

Maltase

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11
Q

Enzyme that breaks down sucrose

A

Sucrase

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12
Q

Enzyme that breaks down lactose

A

Lactase

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13
Q

Amylase enzyme

A

Breaks down starch

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14
Q

Lipids/fats are energy dense organic molecules that all contain

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

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15
Q

Lipids are made from

A

1 glycerol molecule
3 fatty acid molecules

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16
Q

What enzyme breaks down lipids into fatty acids an glycerol

A

Lipase

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17
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Continually occurring and universal process
Process in living organisms for production of ATP energy
Exothermic reaction
Needs glucose and oxygen
Produces ATP energy and carbon dioxide

18
Q

Living processes which need cellular respiration

A

Movement - needed for muscle cells to contract
Biosynthesis - chemical reactions building up molecules
Thermoregulation - keeping organisms warm

19
Q

Main substrate of cellular respiration in animals

A

Glucose

20
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur in eukaryotic cells including animal and plant cells

A

Mitochondria

21
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur in eukaryotic cells including animal and plant cells

A

Cytoplasm

22
Q

What is the chemical and word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + ATP energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

23
Q

Why is respiration an oxidation reaction

A

Oxygen reacts with glucose to release energy in the form ATP

24
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

25
Q

3 stages of aerobic respiration

A

Link reaction - occurs in the matrix of mitochondria
Krebs cycle - occurs in the matrix of mitochondria
Electron transport chain - occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane

26
Q

Glycolysis

A

1st stage in cellular respiration
Anaerobic stage
Net gain of 2 ATP
Takes place in the cytoplasm

27
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration in the absence of oxygen

28
Q

Energy released from anaerobic respiration compared to aerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic = 2 ATP
Aerobic = 38 ATP

29
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Glucose -> lactic acid + ATP

C6H12O6 –> 2C3H6O3 + energy

30
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms

A

Glucose -> carbon dioxide + ethanol + ATP

31
Q

Oxygen debt

A

Lactic acid is poisonous to the body so it must be broken down using oxygen after anaerobic respiration
Heavy breathing after exercise provides extra oxygen to break down the lactic aid, and the extra xylem required is known as the oxygen debt

32
Q

When does anaerobic respiration take plac in animals

A

During strenuous exercise when the demand for oxygen by muscles is greater than the oxygen that can be supplied from aerobic respiration

33
Q

Fermentation

A

Anaerobic respiration in yeast - DONE IN ABSENCE OF OXYGEN
Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

34
Q

2 commercial uses of fermentation

A

Bread making
Brewing

35
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates are sugars, starches or fibre
They can be small monomers or long polymers
The carbohydrase enzyme breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars
Glucose – simple sugar used in many things
Sucrose – simple sugar used in cakes
Lactose – found in milk

36
Q

Starch

A

glucose polymer
chemical energy store for plants that is insoluble
broken down by amylase enzyme

37
Q

Proteins

A

polymers made from amino acids
Protease enzymes break down proteins into amino acids

Plants need glucose from photosynthesis and nitrates from soil to form proteins

38
Q

Lipids

A

Lipids are fats and oils.
- Lipids are synthesized from three fatty acid molecules and a glycerol molecule.
The lipase enzyme breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

39
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts that are never used up
Proteins so are made from amino acids
Can denature at extreme temperatures and pH, where active site is changed as chain of amino acids unfolds and alters
Optimum temperature = 35°C

40
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Happens in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + (ATP energy)

Glucose + oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water (+ ATP)

Aerobic respiration is 95% effective, in only LIVING cells. It needs oxygen to get energy from glucose

Biology OCR GCSE (16 decks)

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