B1.3 Respiration

Question 1

Carbohydrates are organic molecules that contain

Answer 1

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 2

What are monosaccharides

Answer 2

Individual molecules that build up carbohydrates:
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

Question 3

Disaccharides can be formed from

Answer 3

2 monosaccharides:
Glucose + fructose = sucrose
Galactose + glucose = lactose
Glucose + glucose = maltose

Question 4

Carbohydrates are normally stored as

Answer 4

Polysaccharides:
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

Question 5

Proteins are organic molecules that all contain…

Answer 5

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

Question 6

Proteins are made from…

Answer 6

Around 20 amino acid monomers

Question 7

Amino acids are linked together by…

Answer 7

Peptide bonds to form polypeptides high form proteins

Question 8

Protease

Answer 8

Enzyme that breaks proteins down into amino acids

Question 9

Difference between anabolism and catabolism

Answer 9

Anabolism = biosynthesis, building up of large molecules from small molecules
Catabolism = biodegration, the breaking down of large molecules into smaller molecules

Question 10

Enzyme that breaks down maltose

Answer 10

Maltase

Question 11

Enzyme that breaks down sucrose

Answer 11

Sucrase

Question 12

Enzyme that breaks down lactose

Answer 12

Lactase

Question 13

Amylase enzyme

Answer 13

Breaks down starch

Question 14

Lipids/fats are energy dense organic molecules that all contain

Answer 14

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

Question 15

Lipids are made from

Answer 15

1 glycerol molecule
3 fatty acid molecules

Question 16

What enzyme breaks down lipids into fatty acids an glycerol

Answer 16

Lipase

Question 17

Cellular respiration

Answer 17

Continually occurring and universal process
Process in living organisms for production of ATP energy
Exothermic reaction
Needs glucose and oxygen
Produces ATP energy and carbon dioxide

Question 18

Living processes which need cellular respiration

Answer 18

Movement - needed for muscle cells to contract
Biosynthesis - chemical reactions building up molecules
Thermoregulation - keeping organisms warm

Question 19

Main substrate of cellular respiration in animals

Answer 19

Glucose

Question 20

Where does aerobic respiration occur in eukaryotic cells including animal and plant cells

Answer 20

Mitochondria

Question 21

Where does anaerobic respiration occur in eukaryotic cells including animal and plant cells

Answer 21

Cytoplasm

Question 22

What is the chemical and word equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 22

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + ATP energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 23

Why is respiration an oxidation reaction

Answer 23

Oxygen reacts with glucose to release energy in the form ATP

Question 24

What does ATP stand for

Answer 24

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 25

3 stages of aerobic respiration

Answer 25

Link reaction - occurs in the matrix of mitochondria
Krebs cycle - occurs in the matrix of mitochondria
Electron transport chain - occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 26

Glycolysis

Answer 26

1st stage in cellular respiration
Anaerobic stage
Net gain of 2 ATP
Takes place in the cytoplasm

Question 27

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 27

Respiration in the absence of oxygen

Question 28

Energy released from anaerobic respiration compared to aerobic respiration

Answer 28

Anaerobic = 2 ATP
Aerobic = 38 ATP

Question 29

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

Answer 29

Glucose -> lactic acid + ATP

C6H12O6 –> 2C3H6O3 + energy

Question 30

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms

Answer 30

Glucose -> carbon dioxide + ethanol + ATP

Question 31

Oxygen debt

Answer 31

Lactic acid is poisonous to the body so it must be broken down using oxygen after anaerobic respiration
Heavy breathing after exercise provides extra oxygen to break down the lactic aid, and the extra xylem required is known as the oxygen debt

Question 32

When does anaerobic respiration take plac in animals

Answer 32

During strenuous exercise when the demand for oxygen by muscles is greater than the oxygen that can be supplied from aerobic respiration

Question 33

Fermentation

Answer 33

Anaerobic respiration in yeast - DONE IN ABSENCE OF OXYGEN
Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Question 34

2 commercial uses of fermentation

Answer 34

Bread making
Brewing

Question 35

Carbohydrates

Answer 35

Carbohydrates are sugars, starches or fibre
They can be small monomers or long polymers
The carbohydrase enzyme breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars
Glucose – simple sugar used in many things
Sucrose – simple sugar used in cakes
Lactose – found in milk

Question 36

Starch

Answer 36

glucose polymer
chemical energy store for plants that is insoluble
broken down by amylase enzyme

Question 37

Proteins

Answer 37

polymers made from amino acids
Protease enzymes break down proteins into amino acids

Plants need glucose from photosynthesis and nitrates from soil to form proteins

Question 38

Lipids

Answer 38

Lipids are fats and oils.
- Lipids are synthesized from three fatty acid molecules and a glycerol molecule.
The lipase enzyme breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 39

Enzymes

Answer 39

Biological catalysts that are never used up
Proteins so are made from amino acids
Can denature at extreme temperatures and pH, where active site is changed as chain of amino acids unfolds and alters
Optimum temperature = 35°C

Question 40

Aerobic respiration

Answer 40

Happens in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + (ATP energy)

Glucose + oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water (+ ATP)

Aerobic respiration is 95% effective, in only LIVING cells. It needs oxygen to get energy from glucose