B6.3 Monitoring And Maintaining Health Flashcards
What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?
Communicable diseases are diseases that can be spread whereas non-communicable diseases cannot be spread
Define health
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being (as defined by the World Health Organization, WHO)
What is a pathogen?
A microorganism that causes disease
Why are people with HIV more likely to catch tuberculosis?
People with HIV have a weaker immune system and so are more susceptible to infection with tuberculosis
What can HPV lead to?
HPV can lead to certain types of cervical cancer
Give 5 ways diseases can be spread
- Droplet infection
- Eating contaminated food
- Drinking contaminated water
- Direct contact
- Entry through wounds
Give 3 ways the spread of diseases can be reduced
- Visual identification of the disease
- DNA identification of the disease
- Screening for antibodies associated with the disease
Describe one bacterial disease that affects humans
- Salmonella (food poisoning)
- Transmitted by ingesting infected foods
- Symptoms: Fever, sickness and diarrhoea
Describe one bacterial disease that affects plants
- Crown gall disease (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)
- Transmitted through cuts in the stems of plants
- Symptoms include: tumor type growths
Describe one viral disease that affects humans
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- Transmitted through bodily fluids and is
commonly spread through sexual activities - Symptoms include: a rash and fever like
symptoms
Describe one viral disease that affects plants
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
- Transmitted through direct contact
- Symptoms include: spots and a yellow coloured mosaic pattern
Describe one fungal disease that affects humans
- Athlete’s foot
- Transmitted through direct contact or contact
with skin particles - Symptoms include: dry and cracking skin
between toes
Describe one fungal disease that affects plants
- Erysiphe graminis (barley powdery mildew)
- Transmitted through vectors like aphids in damp and cold environments
- Symptoms include: powdery growth and yellowing on the opposite side of the leaf
Give 2 physical plant defences against disease
- Thick cell wall
- Waxy cuticle
How do plants use chemical defences to prevent disease?
Plants contain antimicrobial chemicals that can slow the spread of or kill bacteria.
Give 3 ways plant diseases can be identified (Higher)
- Analysing DNA to see whether the plant contains any pathogen DNA
- Antigen detection to find any foreign antigens present in the plant
- Observation of symptoms
What is the function of platelets?
Platelets are small fragments of cells that are involved in blood clotting
What is the function of white blood cells?
White blood cells are involved in phagocytosis and some white blood cells produce antibodies
Give 5 non specific human defences to disease
- The skin acts as a barrier
- Stomach acid kills ingested pathogens
- Mucus traps pathogens
- Sweat contains antimicrobial chemicals
- Earwax traps pathogens
How are monoclonal antibodies produced? (Higher)
- Antigens are injected into a mouse
- The mouse produces lymphocytes
- The lymphocytes are removed and fused with a myeloma to create a hybridoma
- The hybridoma grows rapidly and produces the antibodies
Give 3 uses of monoclonal antibodies
Higher
- Pregnancy tests
- Detection of cancerous tissue
- Drug delivery to cancer cells
What is the difference between antibiotics and antivirals?
Antibiotics kill bacteria whereas antivirals inhibit the reproduction of viruses
What are antiseptics?
Substances applied outside the body to kill pathogens
How do vaccines work?
- Dead or inactive pathogens are injected into the body
- The body produces antibodies against the pathogen
- Memory cells are also created to provide long term immunity
Give 3 important steps to take when culturing microorganisms in the lab
- Clean the surfaces with alcohol
- Keep the culture closed until it is needed
- Use a bunsen burner to sterilise equipment
What are the stages in the development of new medicines?
- Research the drug and test it on lab grown cells
- Test on animals
- Test on healthy volunteers
- Test on people who have the disease
Give 5 non-communicable diseases
- Heart disease
- Bronchitis
- Type 2 diabetes
- Cancer
- Liver cirrhosis
What lifestyle changes should a person with cardiovascular disease make?
- Monitor their diet to ensure it is healthy and balanced
- Exercise more
- Stop smoking
What treatments are available for cardiovascular disease?
- A stent can be surgically implanted to keep arteries open
- Statins can be taken to lower cholesterol levels
- Pacemakers can be inserted to maintain the heart’s rhythm
- Heart transplants or artificial valves can be inserted
What is cancer?
Cancer is a disease where cells in the body begin to divide uncontrollably
Give 2 benefits of the use of stem cells in medicine
- Stem cells can be used to test new drugs
- Stem cells can be used to grow new organs with no concern about rejection
Give 2 risks associated with the use of stem cells in medicine
- There are ethical issues with using embryonic stem cells
- There is no guarantee how well stem cell therapies work
Give one benefit and one risk of gene therapy
- Benefit - It can replace faulty genes and possibly cure diseases like cystic fibrosis
- Risk - The virus used to deliver the gene could cause the body harm
What is personalised medicine?
Personalised medicine is preventing and treating diseases tailored specifically to a patient’s genome
