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Biology > B6.3 Monitoring And Maintaining Health > Flashcards

B6.3 Monitoring And Maintaining Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?

A

Communicable diseases are diseases that can be spread whereas non-communicable diseases cannot be spread

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2
Q

Define health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being (as defined by the World Health Organization, WHO)

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3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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4
Q

Why are people with HIV more likely to catch tuberculosis?

A

People with HIV have a weaker immune system and so are more susceptible to infection with tuberculosis

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5
Q

What can HPV lead to?

A

HPV can lead to certain types of cervical cancer

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6
Q

Give 5 ways diseases can be spread

A
  • Droplet infection
  • Eating contaminated food
  • Drinking contaminated water
  • Direct contact
  • Entry through wounds
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7
Q

Give 3 ways the spread of diseases can be reduced

A
  • Visual identification of the disease
  • DNA identification of the disease
  • Screening for antibodies associated with the disease
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8
Q

Describe one bacterial disease that affects humans

A
  • Salmonella (food poisoning)
  • Transmitted by ingesting infected foods
  • Symptoms: Fever, sickness and diarrhoea
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9
Q

Describe one bacterial disease that affects plants

A
  • Crown gall disease (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)
  • Transmitted through cuts in the stems of plants
  • Symptoms include: tumor type growths
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10
Q

Describe one viral disease that affects humans

A
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
  • Transmitted through bodily fluids and is
    commonly spread through sexual activities
  • Symptoms include: a rash and fever like
    symptoms
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11
Q

Describe one viral disease that affects plants

A
  • Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
  • Transmitted through direct contact
  • Symptoms include: spots and a yellow coloured mosaic pattern
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12
Q

Describe one fungal disease that affects humans

A
  • Athlete’s foot
  • Transmitted through direct contact or contact
    with skin particles
  • Symptoms include: dry and cracking skin
    between toes
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13
Q

Describe one fungal disease that affects plants

A
  • Erysiphe graminis (barley powdery mildew)
  • Transmitted through vectors like aphids in damp and cold environments
  • Symptoms include: powdery growth and yellowing on the opposite side of the leaf
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14
Q

Give 2 physical plant defences against disease

A
  • Thick cell wall

- Waxy cuticle

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15
Q

How do plants use chemical defences to prevent disease?

A

Plants contain antimicrobial chemicals that can slow the spread of or kill bacteria.

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16
Q

Give 3 ways plant diseases can be identified (Higher)

A
  • Analysing DNA to see whether the plant contains any pathogen DNA
  • Antigen detection to find any foreign antigens present in the plant
  • Observation of symptoms
17
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Platelets are small fragments of cells that are involved in blood clotting

18
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

White blood cells are involved in phagocytosis and some white blood cells produce antibodies

19
Q

Give 5 non specific human defences to disease

A
  • The skin acts as a barrier
  • Stomach acid kills ingested pathogens
  • Mucus traps pathogens
  • Sweat contains antimicrobial chemicals
  • Earwax traps pathogens
20
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced? (Higher)

A
  • Antigens are injected into a mouse
  • The mouse produces lymphocytes
  • The lymphocytes are removed and fused with a myeloma to create a hybridoma
  • The hybridoma grows rapidly and produces the antibodies
21
Q

Give 3 uses of monoclonal antibodies

Higher

A
  • Pregnancy tests
  • Detection of cancerous tissue
  • Drug delivery to cancer cells
22
Q

What is the difference between antibiotics and antivirals?

A

Antibiotics kill bacteria whereas antivirals inhibit the reproduction of viruses

23
Q

What are antiseptics?

A

Substances applied outside the body to kill pathogens

24
Q

How do vaccines work?

A
  • Dead or inactive pathogens are injected into the body
  • The body produces antibodies against the pathogen
  • Memory cells are also created to provide long term immunity
25
Q

Give 3 important steps to take when culturing microorganisms in the lab

A
  • Clean the surfaces with alcohol
  • Keep the culture closed until it is needed
  • Use a bunsen burner to sterilise equipment
26
Q

What are the stages in the development of new medicines?

A
  • Research the drug and test it on lab grown cells
  • Test on animals
  • Test on healthy volunteers
  • Test on people who have the disease
27
Q

Give 5 non-communicable diseases

A
  • Heart disease
  • Bronchitis
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Cancer
  • Liver cirrhosis
28
Q

What lifestyle changes should a person with cardiovascular disease make?

A
  • Monitor their diet to ensure it is healthy and balanced
  • Exercise more
  • Stop smoking
29
Q

What treatments are available for cardiovascular disease?

A
  • A stent can be surgically implanted to keep arteries open
  • Statins can be taken to lower cholesterol levels
  • Pacemakers can be inserted to maintain the heart’s rhythm
  • Heart transplants or artificial valves can be inserted
30
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is a disease where cells in the body begin to divide uncontrollably

31
Q

Give 2 benefits of the use of stem cells in medicine

A
  • Stem cells can be used to test new drugs

- Stem cells can be used to grow new organs with no concern about rejection

32
Q

Give 2 risks associated with the use of stem cells in medicine

A
  • There are ethical issues with using embryonic stem cells

- There is no guarantee how well stem cell therapies work

33
Q

Give one benefit and one risk of gene therapy

A
  • Benefit - It can replace faulty genes and possibly cure diseases like cystic fibrosis
  • Risk - The virus used to deliver the gene could cause the body harm
34
Q

What is personalised medicine?

A

Personalised medicine is preventing and treating diseases tailored specifically to a patient’s genome

Biology (15 decks)

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