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Biology > B3.2 The Endocrine System > Flashcards

B3.2 The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted by glands of the endocrine system into the bloodstream

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2
Q

What are the target cells?

A

Target cells are cells with the specific receptor for a hormone that produce an effect when the hormone binds

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3
Q

What does the hormone thyroxine control in the body? (Higher)

A

Thyroxine controls metabolic rate

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4
Q

Describe thyroxine as a negative feedback system

Higher

A
  • When the level of thyroxine decreases the pituitary gland produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which causes the thyroid gland to produce more thyroxine
  • When the level of thyroxine increases, the pituitary gland produces less TSH
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5
Q

When is adrenaline secreted? (Higher)

A

During times of anxiety, fear or stress

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6
Q

Give 3 effects of adrenaline in the body (Higher)

A
  • Increases heart and breathing rate
  • Increases blood glucose concentration
  • Dilates the pupils
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7
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Oestrogen causes the uterus lining to thicken

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8
Q

What hormone does oestrogen inhibit? (Higher)

A

Oestrogen inhibits follicle stimulating

hormone (FSH)

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9
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Progesterone maintains the womb lining

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10
Q

What hormone does progesterone inhibit? (Higher)

A

Progesterone inhibits follicle stimulating

hormone (FSH)

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11
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?

A

FSH stimulates the follicle to mature and release oestrogen

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12
Q

What does luteinising hormone (LH) do?

A

A surge in LH causes the release of an egg from a follicle (ovulation)

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13
Q

How do oestrogen pills work to prevent pregnancy?

A

Oestrogen pills inhibit FSH which stops the egg from maturing

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14
Q

How do progesterone pills work to prevent pregnancy?

A

Progesterone pills cause a sticky mucus to form at the cervix which prevents the sperm from fertilising the egg

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15
Q

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of hormonal contraception (e.g. the pill)

A

Advantage - More than 99% effective

Disadvantage - It can cause side effects like weight gain

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16
Q

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of condoms as non-hormonal contraception

A

Advantage - 98% effective and prevents from sexually transmitted diseases
Disadvantage - Condoms are only one time use and they can break

17
Q

Describe how IVF is carried out (Higher)

A
  • The mother is given FSH
  • Sperm from the father and eggs from the mother are collected
  • The egg is fertilised in a laboratory and allowed to develop into an embryo
  • The embryo is then put into the mother’s uterus
18
Q

What hormone is given in female fertility drugs?

Higher

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

19
Q

What does auxin trigger?

A

Auxin triggers growth of the main stem of the plant (and it inhibits the growth of side shoots)

20
Q

What is phototropism and which part of a plant is positively phototropic?

A

Phototropism is the growth of a plant towards a light source. The shoots are positively phototropic (they grow towards the light source)

21
Q

What is geotropism and which part of a plant is positively geotropic?

A

Geotropism is the growth of a plant towards the pull of gravity. The roots are positively geotropic (they grow down in the same direction as the pull of gravity)

22
Q

How does auxin cause the shoots to grow towards the light source?

A
  • Auxin collects on the shaded side
  • Auxin promotes cell growth
  • The shoot curves towards the light
23
Q

What do gibberellins do? (Higher)

A
  • Promote seed germination
  • Increase the length between stem
    nodes
  • Delays leaf shedding
24
Q

What does ethene cause when it is applied to plants? (Higher)

A

It causes fruit ripening which is useful so that fruit can be transported long distances

25
Q

How do selective weedkillers work? (Higher)

A
  • They contain auxin
  • They work on some plants (weeds) and
    not others
  • They cause the plant to grow too quickly
    which kills it
26
Q

What are parthenocarpic fruit? (Higher)

A

Seedless fruit

Biology (15 decks)

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