B6.076 Pathologic Fractures

Question 1

what are some etiologies of a left shift in blood?

Answer 1

inflammatory response
paraneoplastic response to cytokines
cancer with severe BM involvement ( cells pushed out too early)

Question 2

follicular lymphoma

Answer 2

follicular architecture
BCL2 overexpression
(14;18)
-BCL moved next to Ig heavy chain promoter region

Question 3

mantle cell lymphoma

Answer 3

diffuse, small cell architecture
cycling D1 staining
(11;14)
cyclin D1 moved next to Ig heavy chain promoter

Question 4

B-cell lymphoma

Answer 4

diffuse, large cell architecture
CD20+
Rituximab targets CD20 for treatment

Question 5

Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 5

reed Sternberg cells

CD30, CD15

Question 6

B cell markers

Answer 6

CD10, CD20

Question 7

T cell markers

Answer 7

CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8

Question 8

Reed Sternberg cell markers

Answer 8

CD15, CD30

Question 9

mucin production

Answer 9

adenocarcinoma

Question 10

bile production

Answer 10

HCC

Question 11

keratin production

Answer 11

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 12

osteoid production

Answer 12

osteosarcoma

Question 13

melanin production

Answer 13

melanoma

Question 14

AFP elevation

Answer 14

HCC

yolk sac tumor

Question 15

calcitonin elevation

Answer 15

medullary thyroid cancer

Question 16

CEA elevation

Answer 16

GI and other adenocarcinomas

Question 17

HCG elevation

Answer 17

germ cell tumor

Question 18

PSA elevation

Answer 18

prostate cancer

Question 19

Ca125 elevation

Answer 19

ovarian tumors

Question 20

KRAS signaling pathway

Answer 20

KRAS is downstream from EGFR in signaling pathway

activating KRAS mutations WILL NOT be impacted by EGFR inhibitors

Question 21

features of tumors with MSI

Answer 21

lymphocytic infiltration due to expression of more neo-antigens
poorly differentiated (less likely to show gland formation)

Question 22

what is MSI

Answer 22

microsatellite instability
reflects failure of mismatch repair
proteins responsible: MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2

Question 23

when are monoclonal Abs most successful

Answer 23

against proteins that are expressed on the cell surface

EGFR, PD, PD-L1

Question 24

tumor markers of metastatic lung cancer

Answer 24

TTF-1, napsin A, PD-L1

Question 25

lab tests used to diagnose MM

Answer 25

serum protein electrophoresis | immunofixation

Question 26

CBC and blood smear findings in MM

Answer 26

normocytic anemia | increased Rouleaux

Question 27

risk of colon cancer in FAP

Answer 27

100%

Question 28

what types of genes can be inherited in hereditary cancer syndromes?

Answer 28

one where an abnormality in one allele is essentially silent - tumor suppressor genes - DNA repair genes

Question 29

lynch syndrome

Answer 29

loss of MSH2

Question 30

myelophthisic anemia

Answer 30

anemia due to BM replacement by fibrosis or other infiltrative process like cancer

Question 31

how does HPV promote neoplastic transformation

Answer 31

produces proteins that increase degradation and/or activation of TP53 and Rb lead to activation of telomerase and cyclin-dependent kinases by inactivating their inhibitors

Question 32

brain metastatic tumors originate from...

Answer 32

the lung | arterial spread of tumor emboli

Question 33

highly vascular organ that is a rare site of metastasis

Answer 33

spleen