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AQA GCSE Biology Triple > B6 - Preventing and treating disease > Flashcards

B6 - Preventing and treating disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A specific protein that attaches to the pathogen, destroying it.

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2
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A specific molecule on the surface of each pathogen, that antibodies can attach to.

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3
Q

What is the purpose of vaccination programmes?

A

Can prevent illness in an individual and reduces spread of the pathogen in a population.

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4
Q

What does a vaccine contain?

A

A small quantity of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen.

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5
Q

How does the contents of a vaccine prevent further infections?

A

It stimulates the white blood cells to produce antibodies.

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6
Q

What happens if a person who has been vaccinated against a particular pathogen is infected with that pathogen?

A

The white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies quickly, preventing illness

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7
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

A drug that only kills bacteria.

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8
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Prevent the cell wall from forming or prevent the DNA from being replicated

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9
Q

What are the current concerns around antibiotic treatment?

A

The emergence of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics means many antibiotics no longer work

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10
Q

What are painkillers?

A

Drugs that treat the symptoms of disease, but don’t kill the pathogens

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11
Q

What are the issues with treating viral diseases?

A

Antibiotics cannot kill viral pathogens. It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without also damaging the body’s tissues.

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12
Q

Name three examples of drugs extracted from plants and microorganisms and state what they are used for.

A
  1. The heart drug digitalis originates from foxglove plants
  2. The painkiller aspirin originates from willow trees
  3. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium mould
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13
Q

What is the starting point of some new medicines?

A

Chemicals extracted from a plant

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14
Q

How are most drugs manufactured now?

A

Synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry.

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15
Q

What does efficacy mean?

A

Whether the drug works to treat the illness

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16
Q

Why do new drugs need to be tested and trialled?

A

For toxicity, efficacy and dose to check that they are safe and effective.

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17
Q

What is preclinical testing?

A

Preclinical testing is done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals.

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18
Q

What is involved in the first phase of preclinical trials?

A

A small number of healthy volunteers are given very low doses of the drug

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the first phase of a preclinical trial?

A

To check for side effects, toxicity & safety

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20
Q

What happens in the second phase of a preclinical trial?

A

Drug is tested on patients.

21
Q

What is the purpose of the second phase of a preclinical trial?

A

To test for side effects, and effectiveness

22
Q

What happens in the third phase of a preclinical trial?

A

Larger numbers of patients used

23
Q

What is the purpose of the third phase of a preclinical trial?

A

To determine the correct dose, and test for effectiveness

24
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A fake drug that looks and tastes the same as the real drug

25
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

Patients are split into two groups with some given the real drug, and some the placebo. Neither the doctor nor patient know whether they have been given a placebo, only the scientist running the trial

26
Q

Why do scientists run double blind trials?

A

To avoid bias from the patient or the doctor

27
Q

What happens after all the phases of a drug trial have been completed?

A

Scientists analyse the results and give conclusions as to whether the drug is safe to be given a license

28
Q

What is a peer review?

A

When other scientists look at the results of the trial to see if they agree with the conclusions

29
Q

Why is it important drug trial results are peer reviewed?

A

To avoid bias and false claims.

30
Q

How are antibodies made? (Triple only)

A

By B-lymphocyte (B-cell) cells, which is a type of white blood cell

31
Q

How does a monoclonal antibody work? (Triple only)

A

It binds to the antigen of a specific chemical or cell

32
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies made? (Triple only)

A

Stimulate mouse lymphocytes to make a particular antibody by injecting it with a particular antigen

33
Q

Why are antibodies specific to one type of antigen? (Triple only)

A

Combine the antibody producing lymphocytes with a tumour cell to make a hybridoma cell

34
Q

What is a hybridoma cell? (Triple only)

A

The hybridoma cell divides and makes the antibody

35
Q

Why are hybridoma cells created? (Triple only)

A

The hybridoma is cloned to produce many cells

36
Q

Name 4 possible uses of monoclonal antibodies. (Triple only)

A
  1. For pregnancy tests/diagnosis
  2. Measurement of hormone/chemical/pathogen levels in the blood
  3. Research to identify specific molecules in cells or tissues by binding with fluorescent dyes
  4. Treatment of some diseases like cancer
37
Q

How can antibodies be used to treat conditions such as cancer? (Triple only)

A

Bind to a radioactive/toxic substance that are able to stop cells growing and dividing.

38
Q

What is the advantage of using monoclonal antibodies over traditional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy? (Triple only)

A

They only bind to very specific cells (cancer cells), meaning other body cells aren’t damaged

39
Q

What are the disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies? (Triple only)

A

Cause more side effects than were originally expected

40
Q

Name three ways of visually detecting a plant disease. (Triple only)

A

Stunted growth; spots on leaves; areas of decay (rot); growths on part of the plant; malformed stems or leaves; discolouration; the presence of pests.

41
Q

Name three ways to identify a plant disease. (Triple only)

A
  1. Look symptoms up in a gardening manual or website
  2. Taking the infected plant to a laboratory to identify the pathogen
  3. Using a testing kits that contains monoclonal antibodies
42
Q

Name four possible causes of plant diseases. (Triple only)

A

Viruses; bacteria; fungi; insects (e.g. aphids)

43
Q

How do aphids damage plants? (Triple only)

A

Pierce stems with their mouthparts to drink sugary liquid in phloem, introduce pathogens and deprive plants of sugars.

44
Q

What are two problems caused in plants by an ion deficiency? (Triple only)

A

Stunted growth caused by nitrate deficiency AND chlorosis caused by magnesium deficiency.

45
Q

Why does a lack of nitrate ions affect plant growth? (Triple only)

A

Nitrate ions are used to make proteins and therefore growth

46
Q

Why does a lack of magnesium ions affect plant growth? (Triple only)

A

Magnesium ions are used to make chlorophyll.

47
Q

Name three physical defences of plants. (Triple only)

A

Cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticle on leaves, layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off.

48
Q

Name two chemical defences of plants. (Triple only)

A

Antibacterial chemicals, poisons to deter herbivores

49
Q

Name three mechanical defences of plants. (Triple only)

A

Thorns and hairs deter animals, leaves which droop or curl when touched, mimicry to trick animals

AQA GCSE Biology Triple (18 decks)

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