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AQA GCSE Biology Triple > B4 - Organising animals and plants > Flashcards

B4 - Organising animals and plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

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2
Q

What is the function of the red blood cell?

A

Carries oxygen from the lungs to every cell in the body.

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3
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A

Large surface area
Have no nucleus
Contains haemoglobin which oxygen binds to easily

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4
Q

Why does a red blood cell not have a nucleus?

A

More space for haemoglobin to carry more oxygen.

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5
Q

What is haemoglobin called when it’s joined with oxygen?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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6
Q

What is the function of the white blood cells?

A

To defend the body against pathogens.

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7
Q

What are the two different types of white blood cells?

A

Lymphocytes and phagocytes.

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8
Q

What type of white blood cell engulfs microbes?

A

Phagocyte

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9
Q

What do lymphocytes produce to defend the body against infection?

A

Anti-bodies and anti-toxins

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10
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Help blood clot around a wound to prevent microorganisms getting in.

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11
Q

Which component of blood carries cells and other dissolved substances?

A

Plasma

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12
Q

What substances are carried in the blood plasma?

A

Carbon dioxide, hormones, glucose, amino acids, urea, proteins, antibodies, antitoxins

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13
Q

What is the function of the valves in the heart?

A

To prevent the back flow of blood.

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14
Q

How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

Rate of blood flow (ml/min) = volume of blood (ml) / number of minutes (min)

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15
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Artery, vein, capillary

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16
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

A

Artery

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17
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood towards the heart?

A

Vein

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18
Q

What is the lumen?

A

The space inside the blood vessel.

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19
Q

Describe the structure of a capillary.

A

The wall is only one cell thick and very small lumen.

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20
Q

Why do capillaries have a small lumen and a wall that is only one cell thick?

A

To allow substances to diffuse in and out very easily.

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21
Q

Describe the structure of an artery.

A

Very thick walls made of smooth muscle with elastic fibres and a small lumen.

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22
Q

Why does an artery have thick muscular walls and elastic fibres?

A

Smooth muscle gives strength due to high pressure of the blood
Elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch and spring back

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23
Q

Describe the structure of a vein

A

Thinner
less muscular walls than arteries
large lumen
contain valves

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24
Q

Why do veins have thin walls with a large lumen?

A

Pressure of the blood is lower so thick walls are not needed
Larger lumen helps the blood to flow

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25
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

To stop blood flowing in the wrong direction.

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26
Q

Identify the structure of the heart.

A 
A = vena cava 
B = right atrium 
C = right ventricle 
D = left ventricle
E = valves 
F = left atrium 
G = pulmonary vein 
H = aorta 
I = pulmonary artery
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27
Q

How many chambers does the heart have and what are they?

A

4 chambers, Atria and ventricles.

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28
Q

Which side of the heart carries oxygenated blood?

A

Left.

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29
Q

Which side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Right

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30
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood to the right atrium?

A

Vena cava

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31
Q

Where does the vena cava carry blood from?

A

The body

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32
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood away from the left ventricle and where does it go?

A

Aorta to the body.

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33
Q

Which side of the heart is made from thicker muscles and why?

A

Left, to pump blood all the way around the body at high pressure.

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34
Q

Which blood vessel returns blood to the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary vein

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35
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery carry blood from?

A

The lungs

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36
Q

Why does the heart pump blood to the lungs?

A

For gas exchange.

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37
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood from the right ventricle and where does it go?

A

Pulmonary artery to the lungs.

38
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

Blood vessels that supply the hearts muscle tissue with oxygen.

39
Q

Where is the hearts pacemaker found and what is its function?

A

Group of cells in the right atrium controlling heat rate.

40
Q

What is the role of an artificial pacemaker?

A

To correct irregularities in the heart rate.

41
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

Diseases of the heart and the blood vessels.

41
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them.

42
Q

Why is blocking the coronary artery a problem?

A

Blood flow is reduced to the heart therefore reduces the supply of oxygen for the heart muscle.

43
Q

How can CHD be treated?

A

Stents and statins.

44
Q

How do stents treat CHD?

A

Reopens the blocked coronary artery, restoring blood flow.

45
Q

What are the advantages of using stents to treat CHD?

A

Effective for a long time and quick recovery time after surgery.

46
Q

What are the disadvantages of using stents to treat CHD?

A

Risk of complication or infection during the operation.

Possible risk of blood clots near the stent.

47
Q

What can happen to the heart valves if they become faulty?

A

Not open fully or develop a leak.

48
Q

What are the consequences of a faulty heart valve?

A

Blood may flow in both directions in the heart meaning it doesn’t circulate as effectively.

49
Q

Name 2 sources of replacement heart valves.

A

Mechanical or biological.

50
Q

Name a risk associated with surgical intervention in treating heart disease.

A

Infections

complications (eg. a heart attack and development of a blood clot)

52
Q

When would an artificial heart be used?

A

To allow the heart to rest and recover and keep the patient alive whilst they wait for a transplant.

53
Q

What are the advantages of having an artificial heart transplant?

A

Less likely to be rejected by the body.

54
Q

What are the disadvantages of using an artificial heart to treat CHD?

A

Parts could wear out
The electric motor could fail
Blood moves through less smoothly leading to blood clots and strokes.

55
Q

How do statins treat CHD?

A

Decreases blood concentration of cholesterol, which reduces the build up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries.

56
Q

What are the advantages of using statins to treat cardiovascular diseases?

A

Reduces risk of strokes and heart attacks
Increases good cholesterol
Decreases bad cholesterol and so reduces fatty deposit formation

57
Q

What are the disadvantages of using statins to treat cardiovascular diseases?

A 
Could forget to take them long term
Side effects (eg. headaches, kidney failure, liver damage and memory loss)
Not instantly effective
58
Q

Name a treatment used in the case of total heart failure.

A

Heart transplant.

59
Q

Label the main structures in the respiratory system.

A

(remember to add diagram thingy with answers)

60
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

Increase surface area of the lungs to maximise gas exchange.

61
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Carries air to and from the lungs.

62
Q

What is the function of the bronchus?

A

Carries air into and out of the left or right lung.

63
Q

How are alveoli adapted to make gas exchange rapid and effective?

A

Spherical shape
Very thin walls
Lots of capillaries

64
Q

Why does an alveolus have spherical shape?

A

To give a large surface area.

65
Q

Why does an alveolus have very thin walls?

A

Gives a short diffusion distance for gas to travel in and out of the alveoli.

66
Q

Why are alveoli surrounded by lots of capillaries?

A

To provide a good blood supply to maintain a steep concentration gradient.

67
Q

What happens to the volume and pressure inside the chest when inhale?

A

Volume increases, pressure decreases

68
Q

What happens to the volume and pressure inside the chest when we exhale?

A

Volume decreases, pressure increases.

69
Q

What are the main tissues of a plant?

A

Epidermal tissues, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem and phloem, meristem.

70
Q

What is the function of epidermal tissues?

A

Covers the surfaces of the leaf and provides protection.

71
Q

How are epidermal tissues adapted to carry out their function?

A

Secretes a waxy substance that waterproofs the surface of the leaf.

72
Q

What is the function of palisade mesophyll tissues?

A

Main site of photosynthesis.

73
Q

How are palisade mesophyll tissues adapted to carry out their function?

A

Contains lots of chloroplasts in palisade cells

74
Q

What is the function of spongy mesophyll tissues?

A

Allows the diffusion of gases

75
Q

How are spongy mesophyll adapted to carry out their function?

A

Has large air spaces and a large surface area to make the diffusion of gases easier

76
Q

What are the 3 organs for the plant transport system?

A

Leaves, stems and roots.

77
Q

What is the function of xylem?

A

Transports water and dissolved mineral ions

78
Q

How are xylem adapted to carry out their function?

A

They are composed of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin.

79
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

80
Q

What is the function of phloem?

A

Transports dissolved food from the leaves around the plant

81
Q

How are phloem adapted to carry out their function?

A

Elongated cells with pores in the end cell walls to allow cell sap to move from one phloem cell to the next.

82
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell?

A

To absorb water by osmosis and minerals by active transport

83
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to carry out their function?

A

Increases the surface area of the root

84
Q

What is the role of stomata and guard cells?

A

To control gas exchange and water loss.

85
Q

When do stomata open?

A

When the plant has lots of water

86
Q

When do stomata close?

A

When the plant is short of water.

87
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The movement of water from the roots to the leaves, eventually leaving the leaves via evaporation.

88
Q

How does temperature effect the rate of transpiration in a plant?

A

The warmer it is, the faster transpiration happens. When it’s warm the water particles have more energy to evaporate out of the stomata.

89
Q

How does humidity effect the rate of transpiration in a plant?

A

The drier the air around a leaf, the faster transpiration happens.
Humidity increases the amount of water outside the leaf, so the concertation gradient between inside and outside the leaf is smaller.

90
Q

How does air movement effect the rate of transpiration in a plant?

A

The stronger the wind, the greater the transpiration rate.

Wind moves water particles away from the leaf, maintaining a steep concentration gradient for diffusion.

91
Q

How does light intensity effect the rate of transpiration in a plant?

A

The brighter it is, the greater the transpiration rate. Photosynthesis doesn’t happen in the dark so stomata close, meaning less water escapes.

92
Q

What is a potometer?

A

A piece of apparatus to measure the rate of transpiration.

AQA GCSE Biology Triple (18 decks)

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