B6 Exchange Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

2 major adaptations of gas exchanges surfaces

A

Large surface area

Thin

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3
Q

Counter current system for fish

A

Water enters through buccal cavity

Blood flows through the lamellare in 1 direction

And water flows through lamellae in a perpendicular direction to blood

Maintains a large concentration gradients between water and blood

along the whole filament

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4
Q

Insects gas exchange system

A

Air moves through trachea through spiracles

Oxygen travels down the concentration gradient towards cells

Oxygen diffuses directly into respiring cells from tracheoles

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5
Q

How do xerophytic plants control water loss

A

Stomata sunken in pits
Trap moist air reducing the conc gradient of water

Layer of hairs on epidermis
Trap moist air

Curled leaves
Protection from loss of water from wind

Less stomata

Waxy waterproof cuticles

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6
Q

How do insects control water loss

A

Close their spiracles using muscles

Waterproof waxy cuticle

Tiny hairs

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7
Q

Inspiration
Active so uses energy

A

External intercostal muscles and diaphragm contracts

Rib cage moves upwards and outwards

Diaphragm flattens

Thoracic cavity volume increases

Lung pressure decreases

Air flows from high pressure to low pressure area down the trachea and into the lungs

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8
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air in each breath

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9
Q

Ventilation rate

A

Number of breaths in a minute

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10
Q

Forced expiratory volume

A

Max volume of air that can be breathed out in 1 second

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11
Q

Forced vital capacity

A

Max volume of air to possibly breathe out after a deep breath in

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12
Q

Where is amylase produced

A

Salivary glands

Pancreas releases amylase in ileum

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13
Q

How are lipids broken down

A

Bile salts produced from the liver emulsify lipids into small droplets

This increases the surface area for lipase to act on

Lipase in ileum hydrolyse ester bonds to form monoglycerides and fatty acids

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14
Q

How do micelles form

A

Monoglycerides and fatty acids stick with bile salts

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15
Q

How is glucose absorbed into the blood from ileum

A

Sodium ions are actively transported out of ileum’s epithelial cells into the blood via Na+/K+ pump

This creates a conc gradient for Na+ from ileum and epithelial cells

Causes Na+ to diffuse into cells down its conc gradient via sodium-glucose co transporter proteins which carries glucose into the cell

Glucose diffuses out the cell into the blood down its conc gradient using facilitated diffusion

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16
Q

What do micelles do

A

Help to move monoglycerides and fatty acids to epithelium

17
Q

How many Oxygen ATOMS bind to 1 Hb

A

8

2 molecules of O2

18
Q

Bohr effect

A

Oxygen more readily unloads from Hb at higher pCO2

So dissociation curve shifts to the right

19
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body

Muscular and have elastic tissue to stretch and recoil to maintain high pressures

Folded endothelium allowing the artery to stretch

20
Q

Arterioles

A

Muscles of arteries contract to restrict blood flow

21
Q

Vein

22
Q

Valves

A

High pressure behind the valve - forced open

Low pressure behind the valve - forced closed

23
Q

Atrial systole

A

Atria contract

Ventricles relax

Increase pressure of chambers

Pushes blood into the ventricles

Slight increase in ventricular volume and pressure

24
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Ventricles contract

Atria relax

AV valves shut

SL valves open

Blood is forced out the arteries

25
Q

Diastole

A

Ventricle and atria relaxed

Atria fill with blood

AV valves begin to open

Just make sure to relate to volume pressure AV valves and SL valves