B6 Exchange Flashcards
2 major adaptations of gas exchanges surfaces
Large surface area
Thin
Counter current system for fish
Water enters through buccal cavity
Blood flows through the lamellare in 1 direction
And water flows through lamellae in a perpendicular direction to blood
Maintains a large concentration gradients between water and blood
along the whole filament
Insects gas exchange system
Air moves through trachea through spiracles
Oxygen travels down the concentration gradient towards cells
Oxygen diffuses directly into respiring cells from tracheoles
How do xerophytic plants control water loss
Stomata sunken in pits
Trap moist air reducing the conc gradient of water
Layer of hairs on epidermis
Trap moist air
Curled leaves
Protection from loss of water from wind
Less stomata
Waxy waterproof cuticles
How do insects control water loss
Close their spiracles using muscles
Waterproof waxy cuticle
Tiny hairs
Inspiration
Active so uses energy
External intercostal muscles and diaphragm contracts
Rib cage moves upwards and outwards
Diaphragm flattens
Thoracic cavity volume increases
Lung pressure decreases
Air flows from high pressure to low pressure area down the trachea and into the lungs
Tidal volume
Volume of air in each breath
Ventilation rate
Number of breaths in a minute
Forced expiratory volume
Max volume of air that can be breathed out in 1 second
Forced vital capacity
Max volume of air to possibly breathe out after a deep breath in
Where is amylase produced
Salivary glands
Pancreas releases amylase in ileum
How are lipids broken down
Bile salts produced from the liver emulsify lipids into small droplets
This increases the surface area for lipase to act on
Lipase in ileum hydrolyse ester bonds to form monoglycerides and fatty acids
How do micelles form
Monoglycerides and fatty acids stick with bile salts
How is glucose absorbed into the blood from ileum
Sodium ions are actively transported out of ileum’s epithelial cells into the blood via Na+/K+ pump
This creates a conc gradient for Na+ from ileum and epithelial cells
Causes Na+ to diffuse into cells down its conc gradient via sodium-glucose co transporter proteins which carries glucose into the cell
Glucose diffuses out the cell into the blood down its conc gradient using facilitated diffusion
What do micelles do
Help to move monoglycerides and fatty acids to epithelium
How many Oxygen ATOMS bind to 1 Hb
8
2 molecules of O2
Bohr effect
Oxygen more readily unloads from Hb at higher pCO2
So dissociation curve shifts to the right
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
Muscular and have elastic tissue to stretch and recoil to maintain high pressures
Folded endothelium allowing the artery to stretch
Arterioles
Muscles of arteries contract to restrict blood flow
Vein
Valve
Valves
High pressure behind the valve - forced open
Low pressure behind the valve - forced closed
Atrial systole
Atria contract
Ventricles relax
Increase pressure of chambers
Pushes blood into the ventricles
Slight increase in ventricular volume and pressure
Ventricular systole
Ventricles contract
Atria relax
AV valves shut
SL valves open
Blood is forced out the arteries
