B6 Animal Nutrition Flashcards
What is a diet?
The kinds of food an organism eats in their daily lives.
What is a balanced diet?
A diet where are the elements needed to maintain healthy are present in a proper amount.
What are the elements needed in a balanced diet?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins C & D, mineral salts (calcium & iron), water and fibre.
What 5 factors affect an animal’s diet?
Age, gender, body mass, physical activity, pregnancy
What is the function of proteins?
Cell repair and growth, energy source, breaks down to amino acids
What is the function of carbs?
Highest energy source, source of glucose for respiration
What is the function of fats & lipids?
Insulation - regulate body temp, energy source
What is the function of vitamin C?
Found in citric - keeps mucus lining and gums healthy
What is the function of vitamin D?
Found in fish - helps formation of bones and teeth
What is the function of Iron?
Found in red meat - helps red blood cells transport oxygen
What is the function of calcium?
Found in dairy products - helps formation of bones and teeth
What is the function of fibre?
Helps maintain bowel health, promotes peristalisis
What is the function of water?
Avoids constipation, needed for chemical reactions and cells to work
How does age affect dietary needs?
Young people may need more protein and energy for growth and development
How does gender affect dietary needs?
Men usually have more muscle mass so they need more carbs (energy)
How does physical activity affect dietary needs?
More activity requires more energy
How does breastfeeding affect dietary needs?
More water and calcium needed for baby, and more calories to produce milk
How does pregnancy affect dietary needs?
More protein and calcium for fetus development
What is malnutrition?
When the diet has too much or too little of any nutrient.
What are the 5 effects of malnutrition?
Starvation, constipation, coronary heart disease, obesity & scurvy
What happens to an organism suffering from starvation?
No food, no growth, no energy. Low blood pressure, weakness, dizziness, etc
What happens to an organism suffering from constipation?
No fibre so no peristaltic movement. Bowel incontinence, haemorrhoids
What is coronary heart disease and its impacts?
Heart does not receive enough glucose or oxygen - causes chest pain, CAD
What happens to an organism suffering from obesity?
Too much mass causes hypertension. Can lead to death, high blood pressure, stroke, CHD
What happens to an organism suffering from scurvy?
No vitamin C so teeth decay and causes gum disease. Anemia, debility, exhaustion, swelling
What is the cause and impact of vitamin D deficiency?
Caused by inadequate sunlight exposure, inefficient production in skin
Impact: causes Ricketts - brittle bones, renal disease, liver disease, gastrointestinal disorders
What is the cause and impact of iron deficiency?
Caused by blood loss within the body, vigorous exercise
Causes anemia - less hemoglobin, less oxygen transport, fatigue, chest pain, lack of energy
What is ingestion?
The taking in of substances (food & drink) into the mouth
What is digestion?
The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller more soluble ones through mechanical and chemical processes.
What is mechanical digestion?
The break down of food into smaller pieces without chemical changes.
What is chemical digestion?
The break down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones.
What is absoprtion?
The movement of digested food molecules into through the wall of the intestine into the blood.
What is assimilation?
The movement of the digested food into the cells in the body where they are needed.
What is egestion?
The removal of undigested food through the anus as faeces.
What is the difference between egestion and excretion? (include what organs)
Egestion - removal of undigested food (faeces) via the anus
Excretion - removal of metabolic waste (CO2, urea, sweat) via the lungs, kidneys, skin
State the route of the digestive system.
Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus
What glands secrete enzymes and in where?
Exocrine glands- pancreas, stomach, small intestine, salivary glands
What type of digestion happens in the mouth?
Chemical and physical
What is the job of the organ?
Chew and break down the food
What is the ball of the semi-digested food called?
Food bolus
How does the structure of the mouth relate to its function?
Contains salivary glands which release saliva to lubricate the food and it contains the enzyme amylase which will help soften the food for further digestion.
What does amylase digest?
Digests starch into simple sugars (maltose)
What is the function of the gullet?
Push down the food into the stomach from the mouth and further digest starch into maltose.
What type of digestion happens in the organ?
Chemical and physical
What adaptations does the organ have in order to function?
Epiglottis: flap that covers the trachea to allow the food to pass into the oesophagus and not block breathing
Peristalsis: Muscles contract and relax to push down the food into the stomach without relying on gravity
Explain the process of swallowing?
The food bolus first moves to the pharynx where there are two pipes, it needs to pass down through the gullet (oesophagus). The epiglottis (flap) ensures that the food does not go down the trachea and block the breathing. Once the food bolus reaches the top of the gullet it is forced down with by a process called peristalsis which is muscular contraction. The process finishes with the muscle called sphincter in the entry of the stomach. It closes the stomach to hold the food inside.
What is the function of the stomach?
Digest proteins into amino acids and kill microbes
Does the organ digest physically or chemically?
Both
How does the organ do its job?
As food enters the stomach, gastric juices (like HCl and protease enzyme) are released. The HCl will set the optimum pH (pH 2) for protease to digest proteins and kill bacteria. Mucus is produced to protect the lining of the stomach from the acid digesting it. Muscle tissues will also contract and relax to further grind the food.
