B6 Flashcards
What is bacteria & characteristics ?
- Single celled living organisim
- Smaller than animal and plant cells
- Spilt into 2 (binary fission)
- Produce toxins which affect your body
What is viruses & characteristics ?
- Very, very small
- Regular shape
- Can cause disease in a range or organisims
- Take over your body cells to reproduce, causing damage and destroying cells
How do our bodies stop pathogens ?
- Ear wax traps them
- Eyelashes prevent dust
- Skin stops anything from getting in
- Stomach acid breaks them down
What is salmonella ?
- How is it treated
- What are the symptoms
- How does it spread
Spreads through contamined or raw food
Symptoms are diarrhea, fever, naseau
It can be controlled by washing your hands and cooking food thourghly
What is gonorrhea ?
- How is it treated
- What are the symptoms
- How does it spread
It can spread through unprotected sex
Symptoms are unusal discaharge and abdominal pain
It can be treated by antibiotics
What is athletes foot ?
- How is it treated
- What are the symptoms
- How does it spread
It is spread through contaminated surfaces
Symptoms are itchy patches in feet, flakey skin
It can treated through antifungal products
What is Malaria ?
- How is it treated
- What are the symptoms
- How does it spread
It is spread through mosquitos and contamined needles
Symptoms are high temp, tiredness, heaches and vomitting
It can be treated through antimalarial medication
What is ringworm ?
- How is it treated
- What are the symptoms
- How does it spread
It is spread through skin to skin contact with an infected person
Symptoms are red rash on body and scaly, dry skin
It can be controlled through antifungal cream
What is measles ?
- How is it treated
- What are the symptoms
- How does it spread
It is spread through coughing or breathing the same air as an infected person
Symptoms are fever & rashes
It can be controlled by pain killers
What is HIV ?
- How is it treated
- What are the symptoms
- How does it spread
It is spread through unprotected sex and pregancy
Symptoms are fever, fatigue and weight loss
It can be treated through antiretrovial medicienes
What is crown gall ?
- How is it treated
- What are the symptoms
- How does it spread
It is caused when bacteria enters the plant through root ot stem wounds
Symtoms are gall below the surface and rough abnormal tumors
It can be controlled by killing affected plants
What is TMV (tobbaco mosaic virus) ?
- How is it treated
- What are the symptoms
- How does it spread
It is spread when aphids damage plants and act as disease vectors, carrying pathogens from plant to plant
Symptoms are discoloured leaves, curled leaves and stunted growth
It can be controlled through the removal of weeds and infected plants
What is barley powdery mildew ?
- How is it treated
- What are the symptoms
- How does it spread
It is spread when the spores are released in wet, humid conditions, wind helps spores spread
Symptoms are greyish patches of fluffy, string like growths
It can be controlled by using a fungicide
What are examples of non-communicable diseases ?
Lung disease, Type 2 diabetes, cirrhosis and cardiovascular disease
What are the issue with leaky heart valves ?
- Valves prevent backflow
- Can beome leaky due to old age, infection or damage from heart attakcs
- Oxygenated and deoxygnated blood mixes - causes tiredness, lack of energy and breathlessness
What coronary arteries and what happens if they get blocked ?
- They are the blood vessels that surround the heart and give the heart blood
- If they get blocked no oxygen can get to the muscle so it dies and causes a heart attack
What is the process of a stent ?
- The crimped stent with ballon placed at the site
- Inflate the ballon
- Stent in position (remove ballon )
What happens in a heart bypass ?
Get a new vein from the body and put it onto the heart to bypass the blockage
What are antivirals ?
Drugs that destroy viruses, normally by preventing them from replicating
What are antiobiotics ?
Drugs that kill bacteria without damaging the indviduals cell
What are antiseptics ?
A subsatnce that stops or slows down the growth of microorgansisims
What are disinfectants ?
They kill microbes - applied to non-living surfaces
What is the zone of inhabition ?
The area arounf the sample where the growth of bacteria is prevented
What is the process of creating a new drug ?
- Chemicals that may work are found
- Pre clinical trials on a rodent & non-rodents
- Phase 1 of clinical trials - 20-80 healthy mal volunteers for saftey and dosage
- Phase 2 (double blind trial) 100-300 volunteers that have the disease - look for efficacy and side effects
- Phase 3- 1000-5000 volunteers to montior adverse reactions to long term use
- MHRA review approval
What is meant by a double blind trial ?
- Patients are randomly allocated into a group
- Some patients will take the new drug and some will take a placebo drug (doesn’t contain the drug)
- Doctors and paitents do not know which group they are in to remove any bias
What is stem cell therapy ?
- Using stem cells to replenish ones that are damaged or injured
What is gene therapy ?
Altering or adding the alleles to the genome to stop someone from developing a disease
What is the process of selective breeding ?
- Breeder selects the animal with the desired characteristic
- Offspring are produced
- Some offspring will have the desired characteristic
- Animals with the characteritsics will continue to be bred
What is genetic engineering ?
The process of making chnages in the DNA code of an organisim to produce an orgaisim with desired characteristics
What are the benefits of genetic engineering ?
- More food
- Increased food security
- Increased nutrition
- Get new medicines
What are the negatives of genetic engineering ?
- Don’t know the long term impact
- Un-ethical
- Could affect foodchains/ecosystems
What is the process of making bacteria produce insulin ?
- Cut out plasmid and insulin gene
- Use restriction enzymes to cut the DNA
- Glue the pieces together with DNA ligase
-Put the engineered plasmid in bacteria
-This bacteria will noe produce human insulin
What is the impact of deforestation ?
- Reduces the amount of CO2 removed from the atmosphere
- Reduces plant and animal biodiversity
- Reduces chances of discovering new medicines
