b6 Flashcards
what non-specific systems does the body use to prevent pathogens getting into it
skin
stomach acid
mucus in nose, trachea and bronchi
what 2 functions do antibiotic cells have
producing antibodies
producing antitoxins
what happens during phagocytosis
phagocyte is attracted to the area of infection
what are antigens
proteins on the surface of pathogens
why are antibodies a specific defense
antibodies have to be the right shape for pathogens unique antigens so they target specific pathogens
what is the function of antitoxin
neutralize toxins produced by pathogens by binding them together
what does a vaccine contain
small quantities of a dead or inactive form of a pathogen
how does vaccination protect against a specific pathogen
vaccine simulates the body to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen
what i herd immunity
when most of the population is vaccinated against a disease meaning its less likely to spread
what is an antibiotic
a drug that kills bacteria but not viruses
at do painkillers do
treat some symptoms of disease and relieve pain
what properties of new drugs are clinical trials designed to test
toxicity
efficiency
optimum dose
what happens in the pre-clinical stage of a drug trial
drug is tested on tissue live animals and cells
what is a placebo
medicine with no effect that is given to patients instead of the real drug in a trial
what is a monoclonal antibody
an antibody produced by a single clone of cells
what a double-blind trial
a trial where neither patients nor doctors know who receives the real drug and who receives the placebo
give 2 examples in which monoclonal antibodies can be used for
treating cancer
pregnancy tests
