B6 Flashcards

1
Q

where in the body does meiosis take place?

A

testes or ovaries

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2
Q

what happens to the dna at the very start of meiosis, before the cells start to divide?

A

they duplicate

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3
Q

how many cell divisions are there during the process of meiosis

A

2

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4
Q

how many copies of each chromosome does the resulting cell have?

A

2

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5
Q

what type of cell division do sperm and egg cells undergo?

A

mitosis

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6
Q

where is dna located?

A

in the nucleus of animal and plant cells

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7
Q

what are chromosomes

A

the structures than contain DNA

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8
Q

what is the male gamete in animals

A

sperm

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9
Q

female gamete in animals

A

egg

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10
Q

what type of cell division is involved in the production of gametes?

A

meiosis

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11
Q

name the type of cell division used in asexual reproduction

A

mitosis

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12
Q

what name is given to the cells resulting from asexual reproduction

A

clones

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13
Q

how are oral contraceptives taken?

A

as a tablet

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14
Q

how do oral contraceptives containing multiple hormones prevent pregnancy

A

the hormones inhibit fsh production

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15
Q

what hormone is released from the contraceptive implant?

A

progesterone

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16
Q

name a berries method of contraception that can be used by women

A

diaphragm

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17
Q

name the hormone that stimulates the release of an egg

A

progesterone

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18
Q

name the hormone that stimulates sperm production

A

testosterone

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19
Q

which two hormones are involved in maintaining the uterus lining

A

oestrogen and progesterone

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20
Q

what glad secretes follicle stimulating hormone (fsh)

A

pituitary gland

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21
Q

why does a low level of fsh prevent a woman from being fertile

A

the egg won’t mature properly or be released properly

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22
Q

which hormone other than fsh will a fertility drug contain, give a reason

A

luteirising hormone, stimulates release of egg

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23
Q

two disadvantages of IVF treatment

A

-isnt always successful which is upsetting to the family
-often leads to multiple births which is risky for the mother

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24
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the regulation of conditions inside the body to maintain a stable environment responding to both internal and external conditions

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25
Q

why are control systems important for the body?

A

they recognise a change from optimal conditions for cells to function properly

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26
Q

which component of a homeostasis control system senses blood pressure?

A

receptor

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27
Q

what is the function of the nervous system

A

to enact quick reactions via neurones to help save you in dangerous situations

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

30
Q

how many strands is the helix in dna made up of?

31
Q

how many chromosomes are there in a typical human cell

32
Q

what is the 23rd pair of chromosomes

A

sex chromosomes

33
Q

do women have xx or xy chromosomes

34
Q

what is a small section of DNA that codes for a specific protein

35
Q

what does genome mean?

A

the entire set of genetic material in an organism

36
Q

where are the chromosomes found in a cell?

A

the nucleus

37
Q

what are the different versions of a particular gene called

38
Q

what does homozygous mean

A

both alleles are the same

39
Q

if someone is heterozygous with one dominant allele and one recessive allele, which allele will be expressed

A

the dominant allele

40
Q

in order to be expressed how many recessive alleles must be present?

41
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

the characteristics an organism has as a result of their genotype

42
Q

which process is used to create gametes

43
Q

what do we call the fusion of male and female gametes

A

fertilisation

44
Q

during sexual reproduction in plants, which two gametes fuse together?

A

pollen and egg

45
Q

how many parents are involved in asexual reproduction

46
Q

when fungi and plants reproduce asexually, which process do they use?

47
Q

do bacteria reproduce via sexual or asexual reproduction

48
Q

when bacteria reproduce asexually, what process do they use?

A

binary fission

49
Q

is cystic fibrosis a dominant or recessive condition

50
Q

if cystic fibrosis is a recessive condition, which genotype would result in an individual having cystic fibrosis?

A

homozygous recessive

51
Q

what is polydactyly?

A

a condition in which an individual can be done with extra fingers or toes

52
Q

is polydactyly cashed by a dominant or recessive allele?

53
Q

which part of a human body cell is affected by cystic fibrosis

A

cell membrane

54
Q

what does the term phenotype mean?

A

the observable characteristics of an organism

55
Q

which two factors contribute to the variation between organisms?

A

-inherited genes
-environment that they are exposed to

56
Q

what is a change in the DNA code called?

57
Q

what factors are involved in determining body mass?

A

genetic factors and environmental factors

58
Q

what is proof for the theory of evolution?

A

-fossil records
-spread of antibiotic resistance

59
Q

what has been genetically engineered to produce human insulin?

60
Q

what is gene therapy?

A

the treatment of an inherited disorder by giving the patient a healthy copy of the faulty gene

61
Q

what disorder could be treated with gene therapy?

A

cystic fibrosis

62
Q

what part of DNA are genetically modified in bacteria?

63
Q

why have sheep been genetically engineered

A

to produce drugs in their milk

64
Q

how does understanding genes contribute to the treatment of inherited disorders?

A

by tailoring treatments based on an individuals unique genetic makeup

65
Q

what is the potential drawback associated with genetic screening?

A

possible discrimination based on genetic information

66
Q

what is an explant?

A

a small piece of plant that can develop into a clone

67
Q

two benefits of cloning via cuttings rather than micropropagation

A

-cutting is quicker
-cutting is cheaper

68
Q

how are tissue samples removed and transferred to an agar medium

A

-transfer with tweezers
-cut the planet with a scalpel

69
Q

give two nutrients that should be added to the agar medium and explain how it helps with plant growth

A

-glucose for energy and respiration
-nitrates for amino acids
-magnesium for chlorophyll