B5 Flashcards
how does negative feedback work?
any change in the system causes an action that reverses the change
is the nervous system or endocrine system faster acting
nervous
does the endocrine system or nervous system act more generally across the body?
endocrine
T or F? A hormone can only stimulate specific types of cells
true
which gland releases thyroxine
thyroid
what is the role of thyroxine
it regulates metabolism
which organ is adrenaline released from?
adrenal glands
which organ is insulin released from
pancreas
do the effects of the endocrine system or the nervous system last longer?
endocrine
what happens if blood glucose concentration falls too low?
there won’t be enough glucose tissue cells to respire
which organ detects changes in blood glucose concentration?
pancreas
which hormone decreases blood glucose levels?
insulin
what are the two main organs that insulin stimulates to absorb glucose from the blood?
muscles and liver
when glucose is absorbed by the liver for long term storage, what molecule is it converted to?
glycogen
when blood glucose levels fall too low, it’s detected by what?
the pancreas
what hormone is released by the pancreas when blood glucose levels fall too low?
glucagon
both types of diabetes is when the body can’t regulate the levels of what properly?
glucose
glucose is a type of:
carbohydrate
what type of diabetes commonly occurs in younger people?
type 1
what is the underlying issue in type 1 diabetes?
the pancreas doesn’t release enough insulin
how is type 1 diabetes managed?
-inject insulin
-monitor diet
-exercise regularly
is type 1 diabetes a temporary or lifelong condition?
life long
what is the underlying issue in type 2 diabetes?
the body’s tissues become resistant to insulin
what age group is more likely to get type 2 diabetes
older
which organ is testosterone released from?
testes
how long does the average menstrual cycle last?
28 days
what happens in stage one of the menstrual cycle?
period of bleeding as the uterus lining breaks down?
what is the name of stage one of the menstrual cycle?
menstruation
what happens in stage two of the menstrual cycle?
building up of the uterus lining
what happens in stage three of the menstrual cycle?
release of the egg from the ovaries
what is the name of stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?
ovulation
what happens in stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?
maintenance of the uterus lining
which hormone stimulates the uterus lining to develop?
oestrogen
which organ are both luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone released from?
pituitary gland
which hormone stimulates the egg to be released at ovulation?
luteinising hormone (LH)
which hormone stimulates the egg follicle to mature?
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
which hormone maintains the lining of the uterus?
progesterone
which hormones can hormonal contraceptives contain?
progesterone and oestrogen
how can oestrogen act as a contraceptive?
inhibit FSH production, so that eggs can’t mature
how can progesterone act as a contraceptive?
stimulate the production of mucus in the cervix so sperm can’t enter the uterus
what hormones does the oral contraceptive pill contain
oestrogen and progesterone
what is the longest lasting contraceptive method
intrauterine device
where does the diaphragm sit to prevent sperm from entering the uterus?
the cervix
if a man undergoes sterilisation, which structure is cut or tied?
sperm duct
what does FSH do?
stimulate an egg to mature
what does LH do?
stimulate an egg to be released
what does IVF stand for?
in vitro fertilisation
what is intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
sperm is injected into an egg cell with a tiny needle
why are embryos kept in an incubator whilst in the laboratory?
to provide the optimum temperature for enzymes and thus cell growth
what effect does adrenaline have on heart rate?
it increases it
when is adrenaline released?
when you’re scared
describe 3 changes in the body to prepare for a fight or flight response caused by adrenaline
-increased heart rate
-increased blood pressure
-increased blood glucose levels
adrenaline causes the conversion of which substances?
glycogen to glucose
which organ is thyroxine released from?
thyroid gland
what is the main role of thyroxine?
to increase your metabolic rate
which organ is TSH released from
pituitary gland
what does TSH stand for
thyroid stimulating hormone
does thyroxine stimulate or inhibit the pituitary gland from releasing TSH?
inhibit
does TSH stimulate or inhibit the thyroid gland from releasing thyroxine?
stimulate
which type of feedback is involved in the regulation of thyroxine levels?
negative
describe what will happen when thyroxine levels are too high
thyroxine inhibits the pituitary gland from the releasing TSH, less TSH means the thyroid gland won’t release as much thyroxine. thyroxine levels fall back to normal over time, this is an example of negative feedback
what passes along nerve cells
electrical impulses
what is in the gap between two neurones
synapses
what is released across a synapse
chemicals
what is the role of a receptor
to detect a stimulus
what is the role of a sensory neurone
to transfer a signal from a receptor to the CNS
what is the role of a motor neurone
to transfer a signal from the CNS for an effector
what is the role of a relay neurone
to transfer a signal from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone
what is a reflex
an automatic response to a stimulus
what are the two main types of effectors
muscles and glands
example of a reflex:
sneezing, blinking when you get dust in your eye
why are reflexes important?
they protect us from harm
example of receptor
skin
