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biology > B6 > Flashcards

B6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a gene

A

short section of DNA that codes for a characteristic

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2
Q

what is a genome

A

complete set of DNA for an organism

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3
Q

what are the uses of mitosis

A

growth, development, repair

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4
Q

how does variation happen?

A

through mutations

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5
Q

what are the types of mutations

A

deletion, insertion, duplication and substitution

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6
Q

what is adaptation?

A

special characteristics or behaviours that make an organism suited to their habitat which improves chances of survival and reproduction

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7
Q

what is evolution

A

a change in the inherited
characteristics of a population over a number of
generations through a process of natural selection
which may result in the formation of new species

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8
Q

what is variation

A

difference between species

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9
Q

what are fossils

A

the remains of an organism that lived a very long time ago

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10
Q

what do fossils show us

A
  • how organisms changed - throughout the past
  • evidence for evolution
  • lets us see small incremental changes
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11
Q

what are some problems with fossils?

A
  • some organisms are soft bodied and don’t fossilise well
  • some fossils formed a long time ago could have been destroyed
    –> could be through earthquakes or volcanoes
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12
Q

what modern evidence is there for evolution

A

antibiotic resistance, especially MRSA

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13
Q

how does antibiotic resistance work

A

*bacteria is killed by antibiotics but some go through a mutation in their DNA, causing the bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics
*normal bacteria are killed but the mutated ones survive and reproduce
*the amount of this increases, meaning the bacteria has evolved

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14
Q

what happens if a genetic variant affects the phenotype?

A

it can give rise to different characteristics that make an organism better suited to its environment

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15
Q

what is natural selection?

A

a process where organisms that are better adapted to an environment will survive and reproduce. This means that the advantageous alleles of this variant organism are passed on to offspring. Over many generations, the process of natural selection leads to evolution occurring

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16
Q

what is speciation?

A

the formation of new species

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17
Q

when can speciation happen

A

when there is a physical barrier isolating the two populations

18
Q

why is breeding done

A

maximum yield, good health, disease resistance, fertility

19
Q

how is breeding done?

A

*parent organisms are selected and bred w each other
*the best of the offspring are bred
*the process is repeated to get the desired traits

20
Q

what does selective breeding do to the gene pool

A

reduces it

21
Q

why does inbreeding happen

A

breeding the best individuals together

22
Q

what can inbreeding lead to

A

health problems from genetic disorders
new diseases: everyone will be at risk

23
Q

what is classification of organisms

A

grouping organisms based on their similarities and differences

24
Q

what is the classification system?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

25
Q

mnemonic

A

King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

26
Q

What does DNA tell us about classification?

A

*they check the genomes, looking for similarities(the same number of genes)
*if diff organisms have the same number of genes, its likely they had a common ancestor
* the more similar the sequences are, the more closely related they are

27
Q

what can dna analysis tell us

A

suggest whether different groups have a common ancestor, and how recently speciation occurred

28
Q

what is biodiversity

A

diversity of living organisms, different genes and different ecosystems

29
Q

what changes have reduced biodiversity?

A

increasing human population, industrialisation, globalisation

30
Q

how can these changes damage or destroy ecosystems

A

habitat destruction
waste
sharing resources

31
Q

how can we prevent the loss of biodiversity

A

by having sustainability

32
Q

what is sustainability

A

meeting the needs of the population without harming the environment so it can be used for future generations

33
Q

3 ways of protecting biodiversity through conservation schemes

A
  • protecting specific species
  • protecting habitats and
    ecosystems
  • preventing ecosystem
    damage on a global scale
34
Q

protecting specific species

A

-ban the hunting of them
- keep them in safe areas, away from harmful activities
-breeding programmes to increase the number

35
Q

protecting habitats and ecosystems

A

setting aside specific protected areas by preventing land development

36
Q

protecting ecosystem damage on a global scale

A

climate change and global warming
- reduce greenhouse gases

37
Q

how does maintaining biodiversity help humans too?

A

protects food supply - overfishing
ensuring minimal damage to food chains - one species going extinct affects the whole food chain
provides future medicines - rainforest destruction
providing industrial materials and fuels - wood + deforestation

38
Q

economic issues maintaining biodiversity

A
  • can be expensive
  • could affect countries ecosystems
39
Q

moral issues maintaining biodiversity

A

some think its wrong to stop humans from using resources that could boost their economy
- protecting one species could mean killing other species

40
Q

ecological issues maintaining biodiversity

A

conservation schemes to protect one species could affect other species

41
Q

political issues maintaining biodiversity

A

-some countries may not want to work together
-other countries may not want to sign an agreement
schemes may not be favoured in some communities - fishing restrictions in a fishing village

biology (6 decks)

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