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B5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

mwhat do cells need?

A

oxygen, glucose, amino acids, water, ions

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2
Q

what are waste products?

A

carbon dioxide and urea

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3
Q

how are alveoli specialised?

A
  • enormous surface area
  • moist lining
  • thin walls with calls with partially permeable cell membranes
  • a good blood supply
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4
Q

what is the job of the lungs?

A

transfers oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide

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5
Q

what is a partially permeable membrane?

A

the membrane will only allow a certain type of substances to go through the membrane

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6
Q

what is the gaseous exchange system?

A
  • system made up of the nose, mouth, trachea and lungs
  • responsible for oxygenating the blood, and removing carbon dioxide from it
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7
Q

what is the digestive system?

A
  • food is broken down
  • dissolved food molecules are transferred into the bloodstream at the small intestine by diffusion and other transport processes
  • once the dissolved food molecules are in the bloodstream, they can be transported to all the cells in the body.
  • this is particularly important for glucose as it is needed by all cells for the process of respiration
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8
Q

what is the excretory system?

A
  • system made up of the kidneys and bladder
  • responsible for removing waste products that have been made by the body
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9
Q

what is the circulatory system?

A

transports substances, such as oxygen, around the body in the bloodstream. It links together all the other systems in the body

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10
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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11
Q

how does the body diffuse oxygen?

A

in the lungs by the alveoli

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12
Q

what does the blood transport?

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, urea

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13
Q

what is osmosis?

A

the net movement of water molecules from a high concentration to a lower concentration across a partially permeable membrane

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14
Q

what is active transport?

A

the transport of molecules against their concentration gradient from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration

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15
Q

why is blood important?

A

it flows around the body, transporting substances to and from cells

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16
Q

what is in blood?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

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17
Q

what does plasma do?

A

transports carbon dioxide, digested food molecules, urea and hormones; distributing heat

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18
Q

what do red blood cells do?

A

transport oxygen

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19
Q

what do white blood cells do?

A

Ingest pathogens and producing antibodies

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20
Q

what do platelets do?

A

Involved in blood clotting

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21
Q

why is the left side of the heart bigger?

A

it puumps blood to teh body

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22
Q

what is in cardiac heart muscles and why?

A

mitochondria to provide them with ATP
- this releases the energy needed for the muscle to contract

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23
Q

what are the 4 chambers?

A

right and left ventricle
right and left atria

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24
Q

what are valves for?

A

keep blood flowing in one direction and the right direction

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25
Q

how does blood flow into the heart?

A

vena cave(right)
pulmonary vein(left)

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26
Q

where does the right ventricle pump blood to?

A

lungs

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27
Q

what do the arteries do

A

carry blood away from the heart

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28
Q

what do capillaries do

A

they are involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

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29
Q

what do veins do

A

carry blood into the heart

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30
Q

why are arteries thick and elastic?

A

blood pressure in them is high
so they can stretch and spring back

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31
Q

why are capillary walls one cell thick?

A

to increase the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance it occurs by

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32
Q

why are veins thin?

A

the blood is at a lower pressure

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33
Q

why do veins have a large lumen?

A

to help blood flow

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34
Q

why do blood cells have a biconcave disc shape?

A

to give a large surface area to volume ratio
this increases the rate that oxygen diffuses in and out of the cell

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35
Q

what is the advantage of their size?

A

they can pass through the the capillaries close to the body cells

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36
Q

why do multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces?

A

they have small surface area to volume ratios which makes diffusion slow

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37
Q

how do multicellular organisms get around the problem?

A

they have specialised exchange surfaces

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38
Q

what are receptors?

A
  • specialised groups of cells
  • sense changes in the environment
  • linked to sensory neurons
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39
Q

what are the concentration of receptors based on?

A

how much information that part of the body gets from the environment

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40
Q

what are the types of receptors?

A

chemical, pain, pressure, light, stretch, temperature, balance

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41
Q

what are chemical receptors for?

A

smell and taste

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42
Q

what are neurones?

A

nerve cells

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43
Q

what is the nervous system made of

A

neurones

44
Q

what is a stimulus

A

sense organs that detect changes in the world around us

45
Q

what part detects the stimulus?

A

receptors

46
Q

what is the CNS made of

A

spinal crd and brain

47
Q

what does the CNS do

A

coordinates the response
- decides what to do about the stimulus and tells something to do it

48
Q

the journey of a stimulus

A

stimulus to receptor to sensory neurone to CNS to motor neurone to effector to response

49
Q

what os the use of an axon

A

electrical impulses pass through it

50
Q

what are dendrites

A

branched endings that allow the neurone to connect with other neurones

51
Q

what is the myelin

A

fatty sheath
- acts as insulator, speding up the impulse

52
Q

why are neurones long?

A

it speeds up the impulse
- if it has to connect to other neurones, it slowws the impuslse down

53
Q

what is the connection between two neurones

A

synapse

54
Q

what is an effector

A

gland or muscle

55
Q

what do synapes do?

A

when electrical impulse hits the end of the nerve, it causes the release of some chemicals which diffuse across gap to trigger another electrical impulse

56
Q

what is a synapse

A

connection between two neurones

57
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers

58
Q

where do hormones come from?

A

endocrine glands adn travel through bloodstream to target organs

59
Q

how are hormones connected to their target organ?

A

organs are covered in receptors for the hormones to bind to

60
Q

what system provides slower, longer-lasting responses

A

endocrine system

61
Q

how are hormones slower tean nerves

A

they travel through the bloodstream but nerves go straight through neurones/CNS

62
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

master gland
- produces hormones that control and regulate the others

63
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the body’s way of maintaining our internal environment

64
Q

how can the body counteract changes to its internal environment?

A

-receptors
- nerves
- hormones
- effectors

65
Q

what systens aree controlled and maintained by homeostasis?

A
  • temperature
  • oxygen, CO2 conc, sugar, ph level, water levels in our blood
66
Q

what does thyroid gland produce?

A

thyroxine

67
Q

what does thyroxine do?

A

helps regulate metabolism, brain development and growth

68
Q

what is a reflex?

A

involuntary response to avoid harm/protect us

69
Q

what is a refel arc?

A

the passage of information in a reflex(from receptor to effector)

70
Q

where does a reflex impulse travel to and why?

A

straight to the spine to speed up the process

71
Q

how can the brain override a reflex response

A

uses a neurone that connects to the motor neurone in the reflex arc

72
Q

what is the relay neurone

A

carries nerve impulses within the CNS

73
Q

examples of reflexes

A

dodging, flinching, breathing

74
Q

what releases adrenaline?

A

adrenal gland just above kidney

75
Q

adrenaline: fight or flight

A
  • prepares the body for flight or fight
  • it activates processes that increases the supply of oxygen and glucose to cells
76
Q

how does adrenaline work?

A

Adrenaline binds to specific receptors in the heart. This causes the heart muscle (the effector) fo contract more frequently and with more force, so heart rate and blood pressure increase.
• This increases blood flow to the muscles, so the cells receive more oxygen and glucose for increased respiration.
Adrenaline also binds to receptors in the liver. This causes the liver to break down its glycogen stores to release glucose.
• This increases the blood glucose level, so there’s more glucose
in the blood to be transported to the cells.

77
Q

what does the negative feeedback system do?

A

the body’s way of controlling the levels of hormones in the blood

78
Q

what does the body trigger a response for?

A

when the level of a substance has gone above or below the normal level

79
Q

what is the metabolic rate?

A

the speed at which chemical reactions occur at in the body

80
Q

negative feedback for thyroxine

A

too low: pituitary glands will release TSH. this stimulates thyroid gland to make more thyroxine so the thyroxine levels increase

too high: thyroxine inhibits pituitary gland from producing TSH. less TSH means thyroid gland wont release as much thyroxine so the levels decrease

81
Q

what happens at stage 1 and stage 2?

A

1: menstruation starts. lining of uterus breaks down and is released

2: uterus lining is repaired until it becomes a thick spongy vessels ready for fertilised egg

82
Q

what happens at stage 3 and 44?

A

3: egg develops and is released from ovary

4: lining = maintained but if no fertilised egg lands on uterus, spongy lining breaks down and cycle starts again

83
Q

FSH

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • released by pituitary gland
  • causes follicle to mature in one of the ovaries
  • stimulates oestrogen production
84
Q

what is a follicle?

A

an egg and its surrounding cells

85
Q

oestrogen

A
  • released by ovaries
  • causes lining of the uterus to thicken and grow
86
Q

LH

A
  • luteinising hormone
  • released by pituitary gland
  • LH surge stimulates ovulation where the follicle ruptures and egg gets released
  • stimulates remains of follicle to develop into corpus luteum (secretes progesterone)
87
Q

progesterone

A
  • released by ovaries
  • maintains lining of uterus for implantation of a fertilised egg
  • inhibits release of FSH and LH (so does oestrogen)
  • low progesterone level allows FSH to increase
88
Q

how can hormones be used to treat infertility?

A

developments in modern reproductive technologies

89
Q

how are hormones used in natural pregancy?

A

FSH and LH can be injected to stimulate ovulation
- FSH causes follicles to develop and eggs to mature

90
Q

what is IVF?

A
  • collecting eggs from ovaries and fertilising them in a lab with sprem. once the emryos are balls of cells, on eor two gets transferred to improve chance of preganacy
  • FSH and LH are given to improve chances
91
Q

contraceptives using progesterone

A

injection, implant, IUS, mini-pill

92
Q

how progesterone and oestrogen contraceptives work?

A
  • stimulates thick discharge to stop sperm getting through
  • thins lining of uterus to reduce chance of fertilised egg
  • prevents ovulation by inhibiting FSH and LH
93
Q

barrier methods

A

condoms(98%), female condoms(95%), diaphragm(92-96%)

94
Q

intrauterine devices

A
  • t shaped
  • contains copper
  • prevents sperm from surviving
  • 99% effective
95
Q

natural methods

A

pull out or having sex at less fertile time
- least effective

96
Q

sterilisation

A

cutting tubes and vasectomies
over 99% effective

97
Q

evaluation of contraception

A
  • side effects like heavy periods, acne, headaches
  • possibility of doing it wrong- condom could split or not pull out in time
  • may feel uncomfortable about getting devices inserted or having to go doctors frequently
  • length of action- if on pills, you may have to go docs often over if you had a device
  • STD’s- only condoms protect against stds
98
Q

why do conditions in the body need to be kept in a narrow range

A
  • so the enzyme controlled metabolic reactions in the cell can happen at an appropriate rate
  • if not, the cells wont function normally
99
Q

what does antagonistic mean

A

some effectors in homeostasis work in opps to one another - one may increase and the other increaases

100
Q

what needs to be kept steady?

A
  • blood glucose concentration
  • water content
  • body temperature
101
Q

what removes glucose from the body

A

normal metabolism of cells and vigorous energy removes lots

102
Q

what is stored in the liver

A

excess glucose as glycogen

103
Q

insulin and glucagon

A
  • must be kept steady
  • hormones that work antagonistically
104
Q

what happens when blood glucose level is too high?

A
  • insulin is added
  • blood has too much glucose
  • insulin is secreted by pancreas
  • excess glucose and insulin
  • insulin removes glucose from blood and moves from blood into liver and muscle cells
105
Q

what happens when blood glucose level is too low?

A
  • blood has too little glucose
  • glucagon secreted by pancreas
  • lack of glucose but also glucagon
  • glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into glucose
  • glucose is released into blood by liver
  • blood sugar is increased
106
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A
  • where the pancreas stops producing insulin
  • blood sugar can rise to a level that can kill them
  • insulin therapy is needed
  • this removes glucose from the blood quickly and stops level in blood getting too high
  • they need to think about limiting intake of foods with simple carbs and take regular exercise
107
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A
  • person becomes resistant to insulin or pancreas doesn’t produce enough
  • can cause blood sugar level to rise to dangerous level
  • being overweight or obese is a risk factor and can increase chances
    can be controlled by healthy diet, regular exercise and losing weight
    u can also use medication or insulin injections

biology (6 decks)

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