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B5 > b5.1 x > Flashcards

b5.1 x Flashcards

1
Q

what are plant meristems?

A

A region of unspecialised cells at the top of a plant shoot that allow it to grow

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2
Q

how are plant meristems similar to embryonic stem cells?

A

can become any type of plant cell

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3
Q

meristems

zone of cell division

A

where unspecialised cells replicate

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4
Q

some of elongate

A

after cells have been created through cell division,then elongate-get longer

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5
Q

zone of specialisation

A

after they’ve elongated,start to specialise and become the different type of plant cell required by the organism

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6
Q

growth in plants mainly comes from what?

A

cells elongating in the zone of elongation

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7
Q

phototropism

A

growth of plant shoots towards light

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8
Q

Geotropism

A

growth of plant shoots away from the ground.

Growth of roots downwards,towards the ground

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9
Q

what causes cells to elongate?

A

a plant hormone called auxin.

if the hormone is present inside the plant cell then the cell will elongate

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10
Q

auxin—->

A

cell elongation

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11
Q

where is auxin produced?

A

in the tip of a plant shoot

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12
Q

the auxin causes the cells in the zone of elongation to what?

A

stretch and grow

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13
Q

what happens if auxin is evenly distributed in the plant?

A

it will grow straight upwards,however this is not always the case

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14
Q

sun is shining.

what does the sunlight do to the auxin?

A

breaks it down in the lit side of the plant (so will not elongate)

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15
Q

what happens to the shaded side of the plant?

A

it still has auxin inside it therefore this side will elongate

so it will bend towards the sunlight

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16
Q

what happens if the tip of a plant is removed?

A

no auxin is present as it’s created in the tip so no elongation of cells

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17
Q

what happens if the tip is covered by an opaque cap?

A

light cannot reach auxin in the zone of elongation so the plant has elongated evenly

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18
Q

what happens if the tip is covered by a transparent cap

A

cap is clear so light can pass through and affect distribution of auxin
so grows towards sun
(normal)

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19
Q

what happens if the base of a plant is covered by opaque shield?

A

auxin is found at the top of a shoot so has no affect on it

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20
Q

what happens if the tip is separated by gelatin block?

A

auxin can pass through so grows towards source of light

normal

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21
Q

what happens when the tip is separated by mica block?

A

auxin distributed equally-grows upwards

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22
Q

multicellular organisms are made up of what?

A

collections of cells that can be specialised to do a particular job

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23
Q

what are groups of specialised cells working together called?

A

tissues

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24
Q

what are a group of tissues working together called?

A

organs

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25
Q

what is a zygote?

A

a fertilised egg cell

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26
Q

what does the zygote divide by? to form what?

A

mitosis to form an embryo

27
Q

up to and including the 8 cell stage,all the cells are what ?

A

identical and can produce any sort of cell required

28
Q

what are embryonic stem cells?

A

identical cells that can produce any sort of cell required

29
Q

what happens to most of the embryo cells after the 8 cell stage

A

most become specialised and form different types of tissue

30
Q

what happens to SOME cells after the 8 cell stage?

A

some remain unspecialised

31
Q

what are unspecialised cells called?

A

adult stem cells

32
Q

can adult stem cells ever become specialised?

A

yes at a later stage

33
Q

if you have an adult stem cell that becomes specialised at a later stage,how would it be different to an embryonic stem cell?

A

cannot become any type of cell

34
Q

only cells within meristems can what?

A

divide repeatedly

35
Q

what is it called when something can divide repeatedly?

A

mitotically active

36
Q

are cells in the meristem specialised?

A

no-unspecialised

37
Q

under what conditions can unspecialised plant cells become specialised?

A

normal hormonal conditions

38
Q

unspecialised cells can become specialised to form what?

A

different types of tissues (xylem,phloem) within organs (flowers,leaves,stems,roots)

39
Q

type of meristem

apical

A

result in increased height and longer roots

40
Q

type of meristem

lateral

A

result in increased girth

41
Q

what is xylem made from?

A

specialised cells

42
Q

what is phloem made from?

A

specialised cells

43
Q

what does xylem do?

A

carries water and minerals up the plant

44
Q

what does xylem do?

(2)replace

A

replace water lost during transpiration and photosynthesis

45
Q

what does phloem do?

A

carries sugars and amino acids both UP and DOWN the plant

46
Q

what do plant hormones do?

A

send messages to the meristems to start to produce roots

47
Q

the presence of meristems as sources of unspecialised cells allows the production of what?

A

clones of a plant from cuttings

48
Q

clones of a parent from cuttings-what may this be done to do?

A

reproduce a plant with desirable features

49
Q

what can a cut stem from a plant develop?

A

roots

50
Q

what happens after a cut stem from a plant has developed roots?

A

grows into a complete plant which is a clone of the parent

51
Q

what can rooting be promoted by?

A

the presence of plant hormones (auxins)

52
Q

what is auxin

A

plant hormone

53
Q

the growth and development of plants is also affected by what?
(+2examples)

A

the environment
e.g phototropism
geotropism

54
Q

what does a plants survival depend on?

A

it’s ability to photosynthesise

55
Q
  • because a plants survival depends on its ability to photosynthesise,what do plants need?
  • this is demonstrated by what?
A

strategies to detect light and to respond to changes in intensity
•the way in which plants will grow towards a light source

56
Q

why do the cells furthest away from a light source grow more?

A

due to the presence of auxin which is sensitive to light

57
Q

where does auxin migrate?

A

down the shoot

58
Q

what genes are switched on in embryonic?

A

all

59
Q

what genes are switched on in adult?

A

range of the genes

60
Q

before stage 8 of the 8 cell stage what are the cells doing

A

replicating

61
Q

each cell inside your body has what?

A

exactly the same dna inside it

62
Q

strand of DNA inside an eye cell

A

all of the other genetic info are switched off (producing hair,determining height etc)
eye colour only one switched on

63
Q

unspecialised cell-what dna is switched on?

A

all

64
Q

specialised cell-what dna switched on?

A

only one section on rest off

B5 (6 decks)

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