B5.013 Obesity Prework 1

Question 1

overweight

Answer 1

excess body weight compared to set standards

Question 2

obesity

Answer 2

abnormally high proportion of body fat

Question 3

BMI calculation

Answer 3

weight (kg)/ height (m2)

Question 4

BMI as a measure of obesity

Answer 4

population measure and not always the best individual measure

Question 5

underweight

Answer 5

BMI < 18.5

Question 6

normal

Answer 6

18.5 - 24.9

Question 7

overweight

Answer 7

25 - 29.9

Question 8

class 1 obese

Answer 8

30 - 34.9

Question 9

class 2 obese

Answer 9

35 - 39.9

Question 10

extreme obesity

Answer 10

40 +

Question 11

waist circumference cutoffs for high risk

Answer 11

men > 40 in (102 cm)

women > 35 in (88 cm)

Question 12

apple shaped fat

Answer 12

ab fat highly active

releases more harmful chemicals associated with heart disease and diabetes

Question 13

pear shaped fat

Answer 13

fat stored in lower body is less active, so less harmful

more difficult to lose

Question 14

subcutaneous fat

Answer 14

fat under skin lining entire body

Question 15

omental or visceral fat

Answer 15

fat in the abdomen below the intraabdominal wall

most linked to metabolic and CV disease

Question 16

visceral storage leads to:

Answer 16

1. greater inflammation
2. fat storage in wrong places
3. impaired regulation of fat metabolism

Question 17

ectopic fat

Answer 17

fat stored in wrong places

Question 18

steatosis

Answer 18

abnormal retention of lipids in a cell

Question 19

how is fat stored

Answer 19

excess stored in lipocytes

expand in size until fat is used for fuel

Question 20

bigger fat cells lead to

Answer 20

more inflammation
infiltration by macrophages
down regulation of insulin sensitive pathways

Question 21

normal weight hormone composition

Answer 21

low NEFAs levels
low leptin
high adiponectin
high anti inflamm cytokines
low inflamm cytokines
few M2 macrophages

Question 22

overweight hormone composition

Answer 22

high leptin
high NEFAs
low adiponectin
higher inflamm cytokines
early immune cell infiltration
macrophage shift from M2>M1

Question 23

obesity hormone composition

Answer 23

endothelium and adipocyte dysfunction
insulin resistance > DM2
high levels of hypoxia and fibrosis
high NEFAs
low anti-inflamm cytokines
very high inflamm cytokines
high immune cell infiltration
M1 macrophages
alteration of angiogenesis
reduction of blood flow

Question 24

what is a component of relapsed weight gain

Answer 24

hyperplasia (new adipocytes)

Question 25

brown adipocyte

Answer 25

higher thermogenic profile more mitochondria greater role in energy expenditure

Question 26

white adipocyte

Answer 26

more common high degree of plasticity can "brown"

Question 27

organ stimuli that induce browning

Answer 27

fasting exercise cold

Question 28

positive energy balance

Answer 28

increased intake | decreased expenditure

Question 29

result of positive energy balance

Answer 29

expansion capacity of AT is saturated- hypertrophied adipocytes AND/OR inability to expand AT- adipogenesis/angiogenesis and of fat cell turnover

Question 30

results of lipid overflow (lipotoxic damages)

Answer 30

``` increased visceral adiposity increased liver AT fat increased skeletal muscle fat increased epicardial and pericardial fat increased renal sinus fat deposition increased pancreatic fat contribute to insulin resistance and inflammation and impairment of insulin secretion ```