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Biology > B5 homeostasis And Response > Flashcards

B5 homeostasis And Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintaining a stable internal environment
Conditions need to be right in your body and kept steady. Cells need the right conditions in order to function properly
Homeostasis is all about the regulation of conditions inside your body

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2
Q

What do you have in your body to regulate your internal environment

A

Automatic control system

Both nervous and hormonal communication

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3
Q

Three main components which make up your automatic control system

A

Cells called receptors, coordination centres (brain, spinal cord and pancreas) and effectors

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4
Q

How does your automatic control system keep your internal environment statement

A

Use a mechanism called negative feedback. For example, when water gets too high or too low your body uses negative feedback to bring it back to normal.

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5
Q

Negative feedback timeline if a level is too high

A
  1. Receptor detects a stimulus - level is too high
  2. Coordination centre receives and processes the information and organises a response
  3. Effector produces a response which counteracts the change and restores the optimum level.
    The level decreases
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6
Q

Negative feedback timeline if a level is too low

A
  1. Receptor detects a stimulus - level is too high
  2. Coordination centre receives and processes the information and organises a response
  3. Effector produces a response which counteracts the change and restores the optimum level.
    The level increases
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7
Q

The effectors will carry on producing the responses for as long as….

A

They’re stimulated by the coordination centre. However this might cause the opposite problem and make the level change too much. Receptors will detect if the level becomes too different and negative feedback starts again.

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8
Q

Organisms need to respond to…

A

Stimuli (changes in environment) in order to survive

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9
Q

What is the nervous system

A

The nervous system means that humans can react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour

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10
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system (CNS) - in vertebrates(animals with backbones) this consists of the brain and spinal cord. In mammals the CNS is connected to the body by sensory neurones and motor neurones

Sensory Neurones - neurones that carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to the CNS

Motor neurones - neurones that carry electrical impulses from the CNS To effectors

Effectors - all your muscles and glands, which respond to nervous impulses

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11
Q

What are receptors

A

Receptors are cell that detect stimuli.

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12
Q

Examples of receptors

A

Taste receptors on the tongue, sound receptors in the ears.

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13
Q

What can receptors form

A

Form part of larger, complex organs

E.g the retina of the eye is covered in light receptor cells

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14
Q

What do effectors respond to

A

Effectors respond to nervous impulses and bring change

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15
Q

Why are muscles and glands known as effectors

A

They respond in different ways. Muscles contract in response to nervous impulse, whereas glands secrete hormones.

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16
Q

The Central nervous system is a…. and why

A

Coordination centre. It receives information from the receptors and then coordinates a response. Response is carry out by effectors

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17
Q

Example of the CNS in action (cat and bird)

A
  1. Bird sees cat in the corner of its eye(stimulus)
  2. Receptors in the birds eye are stimulated. Sensory neurones carry information from the receptors to the CNS.
  3. CNS decides what to do
  4. CNS sends information to the muscles in the birds wing(effectors) along motor neurones. Muscles contract and bird flies to safety.
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18
Q

What do synapses do

A

Synapses connect neurones.
The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse across the two.
These chemicals set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone.

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19
Q

What are reflexes

A

Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of your brain. Reduce chance of injury
E.g bright light in your eye your pupils automatically shrink so less light gets into the eye

20
Q

What is the information in a reflex called

A

Reflex arc

21
Q

Order of reflex arc

A

Impulses travel along the Sensory neurone - synapse - relay neurone - synapse - motor neurone - effectors

22
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers sent in the blood
Chemical molecules released directly into the blood. Carried to other parts of body, only affect particular organs(target organs)

23
Q

What do hormones control

A

Control things in organs and cells that need constant adjust,net.

24
Q

Where are hormones produced

A

Various glands, called endocrine glands. These make up your endocrine system.

25
Q

Example of endocrine glands and their roles

A

Pituitary gland - produces hormones that regulate body conditions these hormones act on other glands directing them to also release hormones.
Thyroid - produces thyroxine, regulates metabolism, heart rate and temperature
Ovaries - produce oestrogen for menstrual cycle
Testes- produce testosterone for puberty and sperm
Pancreas - produces insulin to regulate glucose
Adrenal gland - produces Adrenalin to prepare body for “fight or flight” response

26
Q

Properties of nerves

A

Very fast action
Act for a short time
Act on a precise area

27
Q

Hormone properties

A

Slower action
Act for a long time
Act on a general area

28
Q

What controls blood glucose levels

A

Insulin and glucagon

29
Q

What removed glucose from the blood

A

Normal metabolism and vigorous exercise

30
Q

What can excess glucose be stored as

A

Glycogen in the liver and in the muscles

31
Q

What happens if the glucose level is too high

A

Insulin is secreted by the pancreas and glucose moves into liver and muscle cells

32
Q

What happens if glucose is too low

A

Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas. Glucose is then release into the blood by the liver

33
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

Pancreas produces little to no insulin. This means blood glucose can rise to a dangerous level. Type 1 is caused genetically and will need insulin therapy.

34
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

When a person becomes resistant to their own insulin. (Still produce it, but cells don’t respond properly) being overweight can increase chances of type 1. Obesity is also a risk factor

35
Q

What happens during puberty

A

Sex hormones are release that trigger off secondary sexual characteristics (facial hair, breasts)
Women it’s oestrogen
Men it’s testosterone

36
Q

Four stages of Mathe menstrual cycle

A

Day 1. Menstruation starts. Uterus lining breaks down for 4 days
Day 4 - 14. Uterus lining builds up into a thick spongy layer of blood vessels ready for a fertilised egg.
Day 14 onward. Egg develops and is release from the ovary. Ovulation
14 days until day 28. If no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus wall, spongy wall breaks down and cycle starts again

37
Q

4 hormones in the menstrual cycle and their roles

A
  1. Follicle stimulating hormone. Produced in pituitary gland, causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries in a structure called the follicle
    Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
  2. Oestrogen produced in ovaries. Causes the uterus lining to grow. Stimulates the release of LH and inhibits the release of FSH
  3. Luteinising hormone produced by pituitary gland. Stimulates the release of an egg
  4. Progesterone. Produced in ovaries by the remains of the follicle. Maintains the uterus lining. When progesterone falls, lining breaks down. Inhibits the release of LH and FSH
38
Q

How can oestrogen be used to stop egg

A

Can be used to prevent release of an egg as it stops FSH being produced, meaning no egg will mature.

39
Q

How does progesterone reduce fertility

A

Stimulates thick mucus to stop sperm getting through.

40
Q

What does the pill contain

A

Oestrogen and progesterone. Over 99% effective

41
Q

Details on contraceptive patch

A

Contains oestrogen and progesterone

42
Q

Details on contraceptive implant

A

Inserted under skin and constantly produces progesterone stopping ovaries releasing eggs and makes it hard for sperm to swim and stops any fertilised egg implanting in the uterus

43
Q

Physical contraceptive examples

A

Condom prevents sperm entering vagina

Diaphragm shallow plastic cup that fits over the cervix to for, a barrier

44
Q

Drastic ways to avoid pregnancy

A

Sterilisation involves cutting or tying fallopian tubes(connect ovaries to the uterus) in a female or a sperm duct. Permanent procedure.

Natural methods like finding out when in a menstrual cycle the women is most fertile and avoiding sex.

Abstinence - don’t have sex lol

45
Q

What is IVF

A

In vitro fertilisation.
Collects eggs from woman and fertilises them in a lab using the mans sperm. Fertilised eggs then grown into embryos and a lab incubator.
Once embryos are tiny balls of cells, one or two of them are transferred to the woman’s uterus

Biology (7 decks)

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