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B2 Cell Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzymes

A

Biological catalysts produced by living things and they make useful reactions quicker

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2
Q

Living things have…

A

chemical reactions inside them which need to be controlled so they get the right amount of substances

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3
Q

Enzymes are all

A

Large proteins, made up of chains of amino acids. These chains are unique shapes so they can do their job

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4
Q

What’s a catalyst

A

Substance which increases a reaction speed without being changed or used up

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5
Q

Why do enzymes have special shapes

A

Enzymes have active sites with a unique shape that fits onto the substance involved in the reaction. The substance has to fit otherwise the reaction won’t be catalysed

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6
Q

Enzymes relationship with temperature and pH

A

Temperature - have optimum temperature where it works best. A higher temperature will increase the reaction, but if it gets too hot the bonds that hold the enzyme will break and change runs active site. Becomes denatured

pH - if the pH is too high or low, the pH interferes with the bonds and denatures the enzyme. (Optimum is normally pH 7) e.g pepsin breaks down protein best at pH 2

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7
Q

Large multicellular organisms are made up of…

A

Organ systems

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8
Q

Specialised cells form….

A

They form tissues, which form organs, which for, organ systems for transporting and exchanging substances.

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9
Q

Tissues are organised into organs… what is an organ?

A

An organ is a group of different tissues that work together.
E.g stomach has muscular tissue to move stomach wall and churn food.
Glandular tissue to make digestive juices.
Epithelial tissue which covers the stomach.

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10
Q

Organ system is a…

A

Group of organs working together. E.g digestive system.
Glands to produce digestive juices
Stomach and small intestine to digest foods
Small intensified absorbs soluble food molecules
Large intestine absorbs water from undigested food

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11
Q

Tissues are…

A

A group of similar cells e.g muscular tissue contracts and moves.
Glandular tissue secrets chemicals.
Epithelial tissue covers parts of the body

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12
Q

Food breakdown is catalysed. Enzymes are produced by….

A

Specialised cells in glands and gut lining.

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13
Q

What do the salivary glands produce

A

Found in digestive system.

Produce amylase enzyme in saliva

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14
Q

What does the stomach produce

A

In digestive system
Produces protease, pepsin
Hydrochloric Acid to kill bacteria.
Gets the right pH for protease

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15
Q

What does the liver produce

A

Bile to neutralise stomach acid

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16
Q

What does the gall bladder do

A

Stores bile

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17
Q

What does the pancreas produce

A

In digestive system

Produces protease, amylase and lipase into small intestine

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18
Q

What does the large intestine do

A

In digestive system

Absorbs excess water from food

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19
Q

What does the small intestine produce

A

In digestive system

Produces protease, amylase, lipase. Absorbs digested food

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20
Q

Food tests -Benedict
Iodine
Biuret
Sudan III

A

Benedict Test for sugars. Use Benedict solution on a food sample in a water bath. Sugar = blue to green yellow or red.

Iodine solution to test for starch. Iodine will go blue/black if starch present

Biuret Test for proteins.
Biuret solution into good sample. Protein means it’ll go from blue to pink or purple

Sudan III for lipids
Sudan III stain solution will turn lipids bright red

21
Q

Starch and protein are too…. this means that digestive enzymes have to….

A

Big molecules to pass through the digestive system. This means digestive enzymes habe to break them down

22
Q

Protein molecule ->

A

Animo acids. Protease converts

23
Q

Starch molecule ->

A

Glucose molecules. Carbohydrases(e,g amylase) converts

24
Q

Lipid molecules ->

A

Fatty acids and glycerol. Lipase converts.

25
What’s a risk factor
Things linked to an increased likelihood of developing a disease
26
risk factors can...
Interact and cause non communicable diseases
27
Risk factors that cause disease directly Smoking Obesity Alcohol
Smoking can cause cardiovascular disease, lung cancer. It damages artery walls and cells in the lung lining. Obesity can cause type 2 diabetes which means body is less resistant to insulin so it struggles to control glucose Alcohol can cause liver disease and damaged brain function. Damages nerve cells in brain.
28
Some risk factors can’t cause
A disease directly but can link to it. E.g lack of exercise and high fat diet
29
Non communicable diseases are co....
Costly due to research and treatment
30
Health is
The physical and mental wellbeing of someone.
31
Communicable diseases
Diseases can be spread from person to person or animals. E.g bacteria or viruses. Contagious
32
Non communicable diseases
Cannot spread, they last longer and slowly get worse. E.g asthma, cancer
33
Example of diseases interacting
Problems with someone’s immune system mean the immune system is less likely to fight a pathogen for flu Some cancers are triggered by infection caused by viruses
34
Other factors that affect health
Balanced diet Stress Life situation (money, medicine etc)
35
Cancer is caused by...
Uncontrolled cell growth and division sich results in cell changes and mutation which forms a tumour
36
Define a benign tumour
Grows until there’s no more room and stays in one place. Not normally dangerous and never cancerous
37
Define malignant tumour
Grows and spreads to healthy tissues. Cell breaks off and travel through the bloodstream spreading and forming secondary rumours. Dangerous fatal and cancerous
38
Risk factors association with life style and genetics for cancer
Smoking can cause lung cancer Obesity can cause bowel, liver and stomach cancer Uv exposure can cause skin cancer Viral infection can cause liver cancer and stds Faulty genes E.g mutation in BRCA genes increases chance of breast and ovarian cancer
39
Plants are made of organs like
Stems, roots and leaves
40
Plant organs are made of tissues like...
Epidermal tissue - covers the plant Palisade mesophyll tissue - where photosynthesis happens Spongy mesophyll tissue - air spaces for gases to diffuse Xylem and phloem - transport water and mineral ions. Meristem tissue - found in tips of roots and shoots and can differentiate to let the plant grow
41
Leaves contain....(tisssues)
Epidermal, mesophyll tissue and phloem tissue
42
Tissue structures and functions in a plant
Epidermal tissue - covered in wavy cuticle to prevent water loss by evaporation Upper epidermis is transparent so light can pass to the Palisade layer Palisade Layer has lots of chloroplasts Xylem and phloem form a network of vascular bundles to deliver water and mineral ions and take away glucose. Also support structure.
43
Examples of how leaf tissues are adapted for gas exchange
Lower epidermis is full of stomata | Air spaces in spongy mesophyll increase diffusion rate as they’re large.
44
Phloem tubes and translocation
Translocation Occurs in phloem tubes. Phloem tubes are elongated loving cells with small pores in end walls to let cell sap flow through. Transport dissolved sugars to rest of plant for use or storage. Transport in both directions. This is translocation. Remember by trans > different ways
45
Xylem tubes
They take water up. Made of seas cells joined end to end with no eng wall. Strengthened with lignin Carry up water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves. Process called the TRANSPIRATION STREAM
46
transpiration is...
The loss of water from the plant. Evaporation creates a water shortage, so more water is drawn up through the xylem vessels. This means water is constantly being drawn up, so there’s a constant transpiration stream. Transpiration is a side effect of the way leaves are adapted for photosynthesis. More water in plant than in air, water easily diffused into air
47
Transpiration rate is affected by
Light intensity. More light = greater rate. Stomata close when it’s dark so photosynthesis can’t Happen Higher temperate = faster rate as water particles have more energy to diffuse and evaporate Better air flow = faster rate as the water vapour is blown away from the plant, meaning water can be diffused into a lower concentration. No air = more water vapour around the plant Drier the air = faster the rare. If air is humid there’s lots of water.
48
How are guard cells adapted
Kidney shape which opens and closes the stomata. When the plant has lots of water the guard cells fill and become turgid. Makes stomata open so gases are exchanged for photosynthesis. When plant is shirt of water the guard cells become flaccid and closes to stop the escape of water vapour. It has thin outer walls and thin inner walls. Sensitive to light and close at night to save water Find stomata on underside of leaves so they’re shaded to prevent water loss.

Biology (7 decks)

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