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Biology > B1 Cells > Flashcards

B1 Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Osmosis

A

Particles of solvent(water molecules) passing through a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

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2
Q

Cellulase

A

Breaks down cellulose (plant fibre)

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3
Q

Amylase

A

Breaks starch down

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4
Q

Tail

A

Faster mobility

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5
Q

Starch molecule ->(polymer)

A

Glucose molecule (monomer)

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6
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls substances that goes in and out and holds the cell together

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7
Q

Protase

A

Breaks protein down

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material and controls cell activities

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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10
Q

Cell wall

A

Strengthens and supports cell

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11
Q

Plasmid DNA

A

Carries extra information

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Releases energy through respiration

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13
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of molecules across a membrane into a higher concentration

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14
Q

Papain

A

Breaks down small and large protein

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15
Q

Chromosomal DNA

A

Contains most of genetic information

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16
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyll which absorb light for photosynthesis

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17
Q

Alpha

A

Animal derived enzyme, breaks down protein

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18
Q

Diffusion

A

Gradual movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration - spreading out

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19
Q

Lipid molecule ->(polymer)

A

Fatty acids (monomer)

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20
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks down fat in dairy

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21
Q

Acrosomes

A

Allow sperm cell to break through egg membranes

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22
Q

Mitosis stages

A
  1. Prophase nucleus starts to break down and spindle fibres appear
  2. End of metaphase, chromosomes are lined up on spindle fibres
  3. Chromosome copies sever are and move to either end of the spindle fibres anaphase
  4. Telophase a membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to form nuclei
  5. Cell surface membrane forms to separate the two cells during cytokinesis. Cell wall form in plant cells
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23
Q

Light microscope

A

Use light and lenses to form image and magnify

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24
Q

Electron microscope

A

Use electrons to form image - higher resolution (see in more detail e.g structure of mitochondria)

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25
Q

Differentiation

A

Cell changes to become specialised for its job

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26
Q

What are undifferentiated cells?

A

Stem cells

27
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Complex cells(animal and plant cells) have nucleus

28
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Smaller and simply cells e.g bacteria

29
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Organisms made up of eukaryotic cells

30
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Is a prokaryotic cell(singular)

31
Q

Sub cellular structure

A

Different parts of the cell

32
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions happen. Contains enzymes

33
Q

Mitochondria

A

Reactions for aerobic respiration takes place. Transfers energy for the cell

34
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where the protein is made for the cell

35
Q

Rigid cell wall

A

(Cellulose) supports and strengthens cell

36
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains cell sap, solution of sugar (keeps cell watered)

37
Q

What is meant by “bacteria has no true nucleus”

A

Only has a singular strand of DNA

38
Q

Equation for magnification (triangle )

A

Magnification = image size / real size

39
Q

How are sperm cells specialised

A

Long tail and streamlined head for speed
Lots of mitochondria for energy
Enzymes in head to digest through egg cell membrane

40
Q

How are nerve cells specialised

A

Carry electric signals from one part of the body to another.
Long cells > branched connections at ends of cells to connect to other nerve cells to form a network throughout the body

41
Q

What do animal cells contain

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

42
Q

What do plant cells contain?

A

Nucleus cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, rigid cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts(which have chlorophyll)

43
Q

How are muscle cells specialised

A

Contract quickly

They’re long and have lots of mitochondria for energy so they can contract quickly

44
Q

How are roothair cells specialised

A

Cells on the surface of plant roots
Long hairs to stick into soil
Large surface area to absorb lots of water and mineral ions

45
Q

How are phloem and xylem cells specialised

A

They form phloem and xylem tubes, which transport substances like water and food around plants.
Cells are long and joined end to end.
Xylem cells are hollow in the centre
Phloem have few sub-cellular structures > more room to flow

46
Q

Different types of stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells
Adult stem cell
Meristem

47
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Turn into any cell type

Found in embryos (totipotent)

48
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Grown up stem cells, only form a few cell types (pluripotent, multipotent)

49
Q

Meristem cells

A

Found in plants. Form other cells, found in tips of shoots and roots

50
Q

How can stem cells help diseases

A

Use adult stem, cells to replace faulty blood cells with cells from a healthy person
Embryonic stem cells can create insulin producing cells for people with diabetes.
New nerve cells can be made
Some people are against cloning as human embryos are potential life

51
Q

What does the nucleus contain

A

Contains chromosomes with are genetic information

52
Q

How man pay pairs of chromosomes in a human cell

A

23

53
Q

What is mitosis

A

Body cells in multicellular organisms dividing to make new cells. Mitosis is to grow or replace cells (results in two new identical cells to the original)

54
Q

What’s a partially permeable membrane

A

Membrane with very small holes in it. Only tiny molecule can pass. They can pass in both ways as they move randomly. However it’s more likely water will move to the lesser concentration. There’s a steady net flow of water into the lesser areas

55
Q

What is diffusion

A

Gradual movement of particles from places with a high concentration to a low concentration ( particles spread out)
Both solutions and bases can freely move about. Gases diffuse through each other.

56
Q

What affects the diffusion rate

A

Bigger the concentration gradient = faster diffusion rate
Higher temperature = faster diffusion rate(more energy)
Larger surface area = higher diffusion rate

57
Q

Cell membranes and diffusion

A

Cell membranes hold the cell together and let things in and out. Only small molecules can diffuse through cell membranes (oxygen, glucose, animal acids)
Big molecules can’t (starch, protein)

Particles will flow through to the lower concentration ( they do move randomly so they will go both ways, but if there’s more on one side, there’s a net (overall) movement

58
Q

Active transport and examples in root hair cells and humans

A

Substances absorbed from a lower to a higher concentration, against the concentration gradient.
E.g root hair cells. The concentration of minerals is higher in the root hair cells then in the soil, so diffusion can’t be used. Instead active transport is. Active transport let’s the plant absorb minerals from a dilute solution.
Humans - used in the gut. Lower concentration of nutrients in the gut than in the blood. Active transport allows nutrients to be taken into the blood, which means glucose can be taken into the blood stream even if the blood has a higher concentration than the gut.

59
Q 
What is meant by Exchanging substances
And examples (lungs, alveoli and villi)
A

Part of the body is adapted so substances can diffuse effectively.
The lungs job is to transfer oxygen to the blood and to remove CO2 waste from it. To do this lungs contain millions of alveoli where gas exchange occurs.

Alveoli are specialised to maximise the diffusion of O2 and CO2. They have a large surface areas, moist lining for dissolving gases, thin walls and a good blood supply.

Villi have a really big surface area. The small intestine is covered in villi, they increase in surface area so digested food is absorbed into the blood quicker. Have a single layer of surface cells and a good blood supply

60
Q

Exchange surfaces.

A

Organism exchange surfaces with their environments. Cells can use diffusion to take in needed substances and remove waste. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are transferred between cells and the environment during GAS EXCHANGE.
Urea diffuses from cells into the blood plasma for removal from the body by kidneys.
How easy it is for a pen organism to exchange substances depends on SA:V

61
Q

surface area to volume ratios

A

The larger the organism is, the smaller the surface area is compared to its Volume.
For example a cuboid with a height of 2cm, length of 4cm and width of 4cm has a surface area of 64cm squared and a Volume of 32cm cubed. Therefore the SA:V ratio is 64:32 which is 2:1. Therefore it’s surface area is larger compared to Volume.

A cube with a height, length and width of 1cm has a surface area of 6cm squared and a Volume of 1cm cubed. It’s ratio is 6:1

The cubes surface area is six times it’s Volume, whereas the hippos SA is twice it’s Volume. Therefore the cube has a larger SA compared to its V

62
Q

Single called organisms with SA and V

A

Gases and dissolved substances can diffuse directly into and out the cel membrane. The organisms have a large surface area compared to Volume therefore enough substances can be exchanged across the membrane to supply all the volume.

63
Q

Multi-cellular organisms

A

They have a smaller SA compared to its volume, therefore not enough substances can diffuse into the organism to supply the large volume. Therefore exchange surfaces are needed for efficient diffusion. Exchange surfaces have to allow enough needed substances to diffuse through. E.g thin membrane for a shorter diffusion distance. Large surface area so lots of substances can diffuse at once.
In animals, lots of blood vessels to get stuff in and out blood fast. Also ventilated so air moves in and out quickly

64
Q

Exchanging substances in leaves

A

The structure of leaves let gases diffuse efficiently, in and out.
Carbon dioxide diffuse into air spaces in the leaf, then diffuse into cells where photosynthesis happens.
Underneath leaf is an exchange surface - holes called stomata where carbon dioxide can diffuse. Stomata are controlled by guard cells(close if too much water lost etc)
Flattened leaf shape increases surface area.

Biology (7 decks)

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